A-Level Chemistry · ⁨Kimia A-Level⁩

1.1.1 Particles in the atom · ⁨Partikel dalam atom⁩ 1.1.2 Atomic and ionic radius · ⁨Jari-jari atom dan ion⁩ 1.2 Isotopes · ⁨Isotop⁩ 1.3.1 Electron configuration · ⁨Konfigurasi elektron⁩ 1.3.2 Orbitals and electrons in boxes · ⁨Orbital dan elektron dalam kotak⁩ 1.4 Ionisation energy · ⁨Energi ionisasi⁩

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules · ⁨Massa relatif atom dan molekul⁩ 2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant · ⁨Mol dan konstanta Avogadro⁩ 2.3.1 Formulas and equations · ⁨Formula dan persamaan⁩ 2.3.2 Empirical and molecular formulas · ⁨Formula empirikal dan molekul⁩ 2.4.1 Reacting masses and yield · ⁨Massa bereaksi dan hasil⁩ 2.4.2 Gas volumes and solutions · ⁨Volume gas dan larutan⁩

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding · ⁨Kelektronegatifan dan ikatan⁩ 3.2 Ionic bonding · ⁨Ikatan ionik⁩ 3.3 Metallic bonding · ⁨Ikatan Logam⁩ 3.4.1 Covalent and coordinate bonding · ⁨Ikatan kovalen dan koordinat⁩ 3.4.2 Sigma and pi bonds · ⁨Ikatan sigma dan pi⁩ 3.5 Shapes of molecules · ⁨Bentuk-bentuk molekul⁩ 3.6.1 Polarity and van der Waals forces · ⁨Kutub dan gaya van der Waals⁩ 3.6.2 Hydrogen bonding · ⁨Ikatan hidrogen⁩ 3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams · ⁨Diagram titik-silang⁩

4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT · ⁨Keadaan gas: gas ideal dan gas nyata serta pV = nRT⁩ 4.2.1 Giant structures · ⁨Struktur raksasa⁩ 4.2.2 Physical properties from structure · ⁨Sifat fizikal daripada struktur⁩

5.1.1 Enthalpy change and reaction pathways · ⁨Perubahan entalpi dan jalur reaksi⁩ 5.1.2 Bond energies and calorimetry · ⁨Energi ikatan dan kalorimetri⁩ 5.2 Hess’s law · ⁨Hukum Hess⁩

6.1.1 Oxidation number and redox · ⁨Bilangan oksidasi dan redoks⁩ 6.1.2 Balancing redox and agents · ⁨Menyetarakan redoks dan agen⁩

7.1.1 Dynamic equilibrium · ⁨Kesetimbangan dinamis⁩ 7.1.2 Le Chatelier's principle · ⁨Prinsip Le Chatelier⁩ 7.1.3 Equilibrium constants · ⁨Konstanta kesetimbangan⁩ 7.1.4 The Haber and Contact processes · ⁨Proses Haber dan Proses Contact⁩ 7.2.1 Acids and bases · ⁨Asam dan basa⁩ 7.2.2 Strong and weak acids and bases · ⁨Asam kuat dan lemah serta basa kuat dan lemah⁩ 7.2.3 Neutralisation and titration curves · ⁨Netralisasi dan kurva titrasi⁩

8.1 Rate of reaction · ⁨Laju reaksi⁩ 8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy · ⁨Pengaruh suhu terhadap laju reaksi dan konsep energi aktivasi⁩ 8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts · ⁨Katalis homogen dan heterogen⁩

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3 · ⁨Periodisitas sifat fisik unsur-unsur dalam Periode 3⁩ 9.2.1 Reactions across Period 3 · ⁨Reaksi melintasi Periode 3⁩ 9.2.2 Oxides and chlorides with water · ⁨Oksida dan klorida dengan air⁩ 9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements · ⁨Periodisitas kimia unsur-unsur lainnya⁩

10.1.1 The Group 2 metals · ⁨Logam Golongan 2⁩ 10.1.2 Thermal decomposition and solubility · ⁨Dekomposisi termal dan kelarutan⁩

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements · ⁨Sifat fisik unsur-unsur Golongan 17⁩ 11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides · ⁨Sifat kimia unsur halogen dan hidrogen halida⁩ 11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions · ⁨Beberapa reaksi ion halida⁩ 11.4 The reactions of chlorine · ⁨Reaksi klorin⁩

12.1.1 Nitrogen and ammonia · ⁨Nitrogen dan amonia⁩ 12.1.2 Oxides of nitrogen and pollution · ⁨Oksida nitrogen dan polusi⁩

13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds · ⁨Rumus, gugus fungsi, dan penamaan senyawa organik⁩ 13.2.1 Bond fission and attacking species · ⁨Pemutusan ikatan dan spesies penyerang⁩ 13.2.2 Reaction and mechanism types · ⁨Jenis reaksi dan mekanisme⁩ 13.3 Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds · ⁨Bentuk molekul organik; ikatan σ dan π⁩ 13.4.1 Structural isomerism · ⁨Isomerisme struktural⁩ 13.4.2 Stereoisomerism · ⁨Stereoisomerisme⁩

14.1.1 Alkanes · ⁨Alkana⁩ 14.1.2 Free-radical substitution · ⁨Substitusi radikal bebas⁩ 14.2.1 Alkenes and their reactions · ⁨Alkena dan reaksinya⁩ 14.2.2 Polymerisation and the addition mechanism · ⁨Polimerisasi dan mekanisme penambahan⁩

15.1.1 Halogenoalkanes and nucleophilic substitution · ⁨Halogenoalkana dan substitusi nukleofilik⁩ 15.1.2 Elimination and SN1/SN2 mechanisms · ⁨Eliminasi dan mekanisme SN1/SN2⁩

16.1.1 Alcohols — making and reactions · ⁨Alkohol — pembuatan dan reaksi⁩ 16.1.2 Oxidation of alcohols and tests · ⁨Oksidasi alkohol dan ujiannya⁩

17.1.1 Aldehydes and ketones · ⁨Aldehida dan Keton⁩ 17.1.2 Tests for carbonyl compounds · ⁨Uji untuk senyawa karbonil⁩

18.1 Carboxylic acids · ⁨Asam karboksilat⁩ 18.2 Esters · ⁨Ester⁩

19.1 Primary amines · ⁨Amin primer⁩ 19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles · ⁨Nitril dan hidroksinitril⁩

20.1 Addition polymerisation · ⁨Polimerisasi penambahan⁩

21.1.1 Identifying groups and the reaction map · ⁨Mengidentifikasi gugus dan peta reaksi⁩ 21.1.2 Planning a synthetic route · ⁨Perencanaan rute sintesis⁩

22.1 Infrared spectroscopy · ⁨Spektroskopi inframerah⁩ 22.2 Mass spectrometry · ⁨Spektrometri massa⁩

23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles · ⁨Energi kisi dan siklus Born-Haber⁩ 23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration · ⁨Entalpi pelarutan dan hidrasi⁩ 23.3 Entropy change, ΔS · ⁨Perubahan entropi, ΔS⁩ 23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG · ⁨Perubahan energi bebas Gibbs, ΔG⁩

24.1 Electrolysis · ⁨Elektrolisis⁩ 24.2.1 Standard electrode potentials · ⁨Potensial elektroda standar⁩ 24.2.2 Feasibility and the Nernst equation · ⁨Kelayakan dan persamaan Nernst⁩

25.1.1 Conjugate pairs and pH · ⁨Pasangan konjugat dan pH⁩ 25.1.2 Buffer solutions · ⁨Larutan penyangga⁩ 25.1.3 Solubility product · ⁨Produk kelarutan⁩ 25.2 Partition coefficients · ⁨Koefisien partisi⁩

26.1.1 Rate equations and orders · ⁨Persamaan laju dan orde reaksi⁩ 26.1.2 Half-life and the rate constant · ⁨Waktu paruh dan konstanta laju⁩ 26.2.1 Reaction mechanisms · ⁨Mekanisme reaksi⁩ 26.2.2 Catalysts · ⁨Katalisator⁩

27.1.1 Thermal stability of Group 2 compounds · ⁨Kestabilan haba sebatian Kumpulan 2⁩ 27.1.2 Solubility of Group 2 compounds · ⁨Kelarutan sebatian Kumpulan 2⁩

28.1 General physical and chemical properties of the first row of transition elements, titanium to copper · ⁨Sifat fisik dan kimia umum deret pertama unsur transisi, titanium hingga tembaga⁩ 28.2.1 Ligands and complexes · ⁨Ligan dan kompleks⁩ 28.2.2 Ligand exchange and redox · ⁨Penukaran ligan dan redoks⁩ 28.3 Colour of complexes · ⁨Warna kompleks⁩ 28.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes · ⁨Stereoisomerisme pada kompleks unsur transisi⁩ 28.5 Stability constants, Kstab · ⁨Konstanta stabilitas, Kstab⁩

29.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds · ⁨Rumus, gugus fungsi, dan penamaan senyawa organik⁩ 29.2 Characteristic organic reactions · ⁨Reaksi karakteristik organik⁩ 29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds · ⁨Bentuk molekul organik aromatik; ikatan σ dan π⁩ 29.4 Isomerism: optical · ⁨Isomerisme: optik⁩

30.1.1 Arenes and their reactions · ⁨Aren dan reaksinya⁩ 30.1.2 Side-chain, ring and directing effects · ⁨Efek rantai samping, cincin, dan pengarahan⁩

31.1 Halogen compounds · ⁨Senyawa halogen⁩

32.1 Alcohols · ⁨Alkohol⁩ 32.2 Phenol · ⁨Fenol⁩

33.1 Carboxylic acids · ⁨Asam karboksilat⁩ 33.2 Esters · ⁨Ester⁩ 33.3 Acyl chlorides · ⁨Asil klorida⁩

34.1 Primary and secondary amines · ⁨Amina primer dan sekunder⁩ 34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds · ⁨Fenilamina dan senyawa azo⁩ 34.3 Amides · ⁨Amida⁩ 34.4 Amino acids · ⁨Asam amino⁩

35.1 Condensation polymerisation · ⁨Polimerisasi kondensasi⁩ 35.2 Predicting the type of polymerisation · ⁨Memprediksi jenis polimerisasi⁩ 35.3 Degradable polymers · ⁨Polimer dapat terurai⁩

36.1 Organic synthesis · ⁨Sintesis organik⁩

37.1 Thin-layer chromatography · ⁨Kromatografi lapis tipis⁩ 37.2 Gas/liquid chromatography · ⁨Kromatografi gas/cairan⁩ 37.3 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy · ⁨Spektroskopi NMR Karbon-13⁩ 37.4 Proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy · ⁨Spektroskopi NMR Proton (1H)⁩