AP European History · ⁨AP 欧洲历史⁩

1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery · ⁨文艺复兴与大发现的时代背景⁩ 1.2 Italian Renaissance · ⁨意大利文艺复兴⁩ 1.3 Northern Renaissance · ⁨北方文艺复兴⁩ 1.4 Printing · ⁨印刷术⁩ 1.5 New Monarchies · ⁨新君主国⁩ 1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration · ⁨技术进步与大探索时代⁩ 1.7 Rivals on the World Stage · ⁨世界舞台上的竞争者⁩ 1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange · ⁨殖民扩张与哥伦布大交换⁩ 1.9 The Slave Trade · ⁨奴隶贸易⁩ 1.10 The Commercial Revolution · ⁨商业革命⁩ 1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery · ⁨文艺复兴与大发现时代的因果关系⁩

2.1 Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments · ⁨16与17世纪挑战与发展的时代背景⁩ 2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation · ⁨路德与新教改革⁩ 2.3 Protestant Reform Continues · ⁨新教改革的延续⁩ 2.4 Wars of Religion · ⁨宗教战争⁩ 2.5 The Catholic Reformation · ⁨天主教改革⁩ 2.6 16th-Century Society and Politics · ⁨16世纪的社会与政治⁩ 2.7 Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art · ⁨16世纪的艺术:风格主义与巴洛克艺术⁩ 2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion · ⁨宗教改革与宗教战争时代的因果关系⁩

3.1 Contextualizing State Building · ⁨国家建构的时代背景⁩ 3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution · ⁨英国内战与光荣革命⁩ 3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development · ⁨经济实践与发展的延续与变化⁩ 3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism · ⁨经济发展与重商主义⁩ 3.5 The Dutch Golden Age · ⁨荷兰黄金时代⁩ 3.6 Balance of Power · ⁨势力均衡⁩ 3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power · ⁨专制主义的权力路径⁩ 3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism · ⁨专制主义与宪政主义时代的比较分析⁩

4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment · ⁨科学革命与启蒙运动的时代背景⁩ 4.2 The Scientific Revolution · ⁨科学革命⁩ 4.3 The Enlightenment · ⁨启蒙运动⁩ 4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics · ⁨18世纪的社会与人口⁩ 4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts · ⁨18世纪的文化与艺术⁩ 4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power · ⁨开明专制及其他权力路径⁩ 4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment · ⁨科学革命与启蒙运动时代的因果关系⁩

5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States · ⁨18世纪各国的时代背景⁩ 5.2 The Rise of Global Markets · ⁨全球市场的兴起⁩ 5.3 Britain’s Ascendency · ⁨英国的崛起⁩ 5.4 The French Revolution · ⁨法国大革命⁩ 5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects · ⁨法国大革命的影响⁩ 5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat · ⁨拿破仑的崛起、称霸与失败⁩ 5.7 The Congress of Vienna · ⁨维也纳会议⁩ 5.8 Romanticism · ⁨浪漫主义⁩ 5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States · ⁨18世纪各国的延续与变化⁩

6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects · ⁨工业化及其起源与影响的时代背景⁩ 6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe · ⁨工业在欧洲的扩散⁩ 6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects · ⁨第二次工业化浪潮及其影响⁩ 6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization · ⁨工业化的社会影响⁩ 6.5 The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism · ⁨欧洲协调体系与欧洲保守主义⁩ 6.6 Reactions and Revolutions · ⁨反应与革命⁩ 6.7 Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements · ⁨变革思潮与改革运动⁩ 6.8 19th-Century Social Reform · ⁨19世纪的社会改革⁩ 6.9 Institutional Responses and Reform · ⁨制度性回应与改革⁩ 6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization · ⁨工业化时代的因果关系⁩

7.1 Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments · ⁨19世纪思想观念与政治发展的时代背景⁩ 7.2 Nationalism · ⁨民族主义⁩ 7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions · ⁨民族统一与外交紧张⁩ 7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism · ⁨达尔文主义与社会达尔文主义⁩ 7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity · ⁨进步与现代性的时代⁩ 7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods · ⁨新帝国主义:动机与手段⁩ 7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects · ⁨帝国主义的全球影响⁩ 7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts · ⁨19世纪的文化与艺术⁩ 7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments · ⁨19世纪思想观念与政治发展中的因果关系⁩

8.1 Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts · ⁨20世纪全球冲突的时代背景⁩ 8.2 World War I · ⁨第一次世界大战⁩ 8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects · ⁨俄国革命及其影响⁩ 8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement · ⁨凡尔赛会议与和平安排⁩ 8.5 Global Economic Crisis · ⁨全球经济危机⁩ 8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism · ⁨法西斯主义与极权主义⁩ 8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period · ⁨两次大战之间的欧洲⁩ 8.8 World War II · ⁨第二次世界大战⁩ 8.9 The Holocaust · ⁨犹太人大屠杀⁩ 8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments · ⁨20世纪文化、思想与艺术的发展⁩ 8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict · ⁨全球冲突时代的延续与变化⁩

9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe · ⁨冷战与当代欧洲的时代背景⁩ 9.2 Rebuilding Europe · ⁨重建欧洲⁩ 9.3 The Cold War · ⁨冷战⁩ 9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge · ⁨两个超级大国的出现⁩ 9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities · ⁨战后民族主义、族群冲突与暴行⁩ 9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies · ⁨当代西方民主国家⁩ 9.7 The Fall of Communism · ⁨东欧剧变⁩ 9.8 20th-Century Feminism · ⁨20世纪的女权主义⁩ 9.9 Decolonization · ⁨非殖民化⁩ 9.10 The European Union · ⁨欧洲联盟⁩ 9.11 Migration and Immigration · ⁨人口迁移与移民⁩ 9.12 Technology · ⁨技术⁩ 9.13 Globalization · ⁨全球化⁩ 9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends · ⁨20与21世纪的文化、艺术与人口趋势⁩ 9.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries · ⁨20与21世纪的延续与变化⁩