An Iron Curtain, and a Global Stage · 铁幕与全球舞台
Cooperation attempted, division produced
- Despite efforts to maintain international cooperation through the newly created United Nations, deep-seated tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe, which was referred to in the West as the Iron Curtain.
- Despite marks a real attempt that failed, and deep-seated says the tensions were older than the peace.
- Note the careful phrasing: referred to in the West as — the CED attributes the term rather than adopting it.
尝试合作,产生分裂
- 尽管有通过新创立的联合国来维持国际合作的种种努力,苏联与西方之间根深蒂固的紧张关系仍导致了欧洲的分裂,西方称之为铁幕。
- 尽管标示出一次真实而失败的尝试,而根深蒂固说明这些紧张比和平更为久远。
- 注意这一谨慎的措辞:西方称之为——CED 是在归属这个说法,而不是采用它。
'Despite efforts... through the newly created United Nations' indicates... · “尽管通过新成立的联合国所做的努力...”表明...
And 'deep-seated' says the tensions were older than the peace. · 而“根深蒂固”说明紧张局势早于和平协议。
Four kinds of Cold War activity
- The Cold War played out on a global stage and involved propaganda campaigns; covert actions; limited "hot wars" in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and an arms race, with the threat of a nuclear war.
- Four methods, and the third is why the term cold needs its quotation marks around hot wars.
- A global stage means a European conflict fought largely elsewhere — the reverse of 8.2's spread outward from Europe.
四类冷战活动
- 冷战在一个全球舞台上展开,涉及宣传战、秘密行动、在亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲与加勒比地区的有限"热战",以及一场伴随核战争威胁的军备竞赛。
- 四种方法,而第三种正是**"热战"**需要加引号的原因。
- 一个全球舞台意味着一场主要在别处进行的欧洲冲突——与 8.2 中从欧洲向外扩散的方向相反。
Select all · 所有 four kinds of Cold War activity the CED names. · 选择CED指出的冷战活动的所有四种类型。
A global stage: a European conflict fought largely elsewhere. · 全球舞台：一场主要在欧洲以外进行的欧洲冲突。
The arms race and the threat
- 8.8 already recorded that military technologies made possible nuclear proliferation, and the risk of global nuclear war.
- Here that risk becomes a permanent condition of European politics rather than an outcome of a war.
- So the Cold War is the first period in this course organised around a war that did not happen.
军备竞赛与那种威胁
- 8.8 已经记录了军事技术使核扩散与全球核战争的风险成为可能。
- 在这里,那种风险成为欧洲政治的一种恒常状态,而不是一场战争的结果。
- 因此冷战是本课程中第一个围绕一场并未发生的战争而组织起来的时期。
A cause, a method, or an effect? · 原因、手段，还是结果？
Sort each element of the Cold War. · 对冷战的每个要素进行分类。
The CED says the division was... · CED称这种分裂是...
It attributes the term rather than adopting it. · 它引用了该术语而非采用它。
The CED attributes the term rather than adopting it. The division of Europe was referred to in the West as the Iron Curtain — that careful phrasing tells you who used the phrase, and it is worth reproducing rather than flattening.
CED 是在归属这个说法,而不是采用它。欧洲的分裂在西方被称为铁幕——这一谨慎的措辞告诉你是谁在使用这个说法,值得照样再现,而不是把它抹平。
The Cold War is the first period in this course organised around a war that did not happen. · 冷战是本课程首个围绕一场未发生战争组织的时期。
8.8's nuclear risk becomes a permanent condition of politics. · 8.8 的核风险成为政治的永久状况。
Why the tensions were deep-seated
- 8.7 named deep distrust between Western democratic, capitalist nations and the authoritarian, communist Soviet Union before the war.
- 8.1's thread explains it: they held conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state.
- So the division of Europe is the ideological battle taking a geographical form.
这些紧张为何根深蒂固
- 8.7 在战前就点出了西方民主资本主义国家与专制的共产主义苏联之间的深度不信任。
- 8.1 的那条线索解释了它:它们持有关于个人与国家关系的相互冲突的构想。
- 因此欧洲的分裂,是那场意识形态之争采取了地理的形式。
The division of Europe is the ideological battle taking a ____ form. · 欧洲的分裂是意识形态斗争采取的____形式。
8.1's conflicting conceptions of the individual and the state. · 8.1 中个人与国家概念的冲突。
Causes, events, effects
- The objective names all three, so an answer should be structured in those three parts.
- Causes: deep-seated tensions and conflicting conceptions of the state, despite the UN.
- Events: propaganda, covert action, limited hot wars, an arms race. Effects: 9.4's two blocs.
成因、事件、效果
- 这一目标把三者都点了出来,因此答案应当按这三部分来组织。
- 成因:根深蒂固的紧张与关于国家的冲突性构想,尽管有联合国。
- 事件:宣传、秘密行动、有限的热战、军备竞赛。效果:9.4 的两个阵营。
Two powers that will not fight each other directly still need somewhere to compete. They find it in other continents, in broadcasts, in intelligence services, and in the size of an arsenal neither intends to use. All four are the same contest.
两个不会直接交战的强权,仍然需要一个可以竞争的地方。它们在其他大洲、在广播中、在情报机关里,以及在双方都不打算使用的军火库规模上找到了它。这四者是同一场角逐。
Despite efforts to maintain international cooperation through the newly created United Nations, deep-seated tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe, which was referred to in the West as the Iron Curtain. The Cold War played out on a global stage and involved propaganda campaigns; covert actions; limited "hot wars" in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean; and an arms race, with the threat of a nuclear war.
尽管有通过新创立的联合国来维持国际合作的种种努力,苏联与西方之间根深蒂固的紧张关系仍导致了欧洲的分裂,西方称之为铁幕。 冷战在一个全球舞台上展开,涉及宣传战、秘密行动、在亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲与加勒比地区的有限"热战",以及一场伴随核战争威胁的军备竞赛。