A Market Economy Emerges · 市场经济的出现
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The Agricultural Revolution/ðɪ ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl ˌrevəˈluːʃn/ | 农业革命 | nóng yè gé mìng |
| The putting-out system, or cottage industry/ðə ˈpʊtɪŋ aʊt ˈsɪstəm ɔː ˈkɒtɪdʒ ˈɪndʌstri/ | 家庭手工业 | jiā tíng shǒu gōng yè |
More food from the same land
- The Agricultural Revolution 农业革命 raised productivity and increased the supply of food and other agricultural products.
- The importation and transplantation of agricultural products from the Americas contributed to an increase in the food supply in Europe.
- So unit 1's Columbian Exchange arrives here as a cause of European food supply — the same fact, put to work in a new argument.
同样的土地产出更多食物
- 农业革命(Agricultural Revolution)提高了生产率,并增加了粮食与其他农产品的供应。
- 从美洲输入并移植农产品,促成了欧洲粮食供应的增加。
- 因此第一单元的哥伦布大交换在这里成为欧洲粮食供应的一个原因——同一个事实,被投入一个新的论证。
"Corporate entities" in this CED sentence means... · CED 这句话中的"法团实体"指的是……
The sentence is about restrictions being removed. · 这句话讲的是限制被移除。
Restrictions loosened
- Labour and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by governments and corporate entities.
- Corporate entities here means guilds and chartered bodies, not modern companies.
- So the market grew partly by removal: fewer rules about who may work at what and who may sell where.
限制松动
- 劳动力与商品贸易日益摆脱政府与法团实体所施加的传统限制。
- 这里的法团实体指的是行会与获特许的团体,而不是现代公司。
- 因此市场的成长部分来自移除:关于谁可以做什么工、谁可以在哪里出售的规则变少了。
In the putting-out system, production is domestic and the market is... · 在包买制中,生产是家庭式的,而市场是……
It is the step between the guild workshop and the factory. · 它是行会作坊与工厂之间的那一步。
The putting-out system
- The putting-out system, or cottage industry 家庭手工业, expanded as increasing numbers of labourers in homes or workshops produced for markets through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners.
- Production is still domestic, and the market is not — which is the point.
- It is the step between the guild workshop of unit 1 and the factory of unit 6.
包买制
- 家庭手工业(cottage industry),随着越来越多在家中或作坊里的劳动者,通过商人中间人或作坊主为市场生产而扩张。
- 生产仍然是家庭式的,而市场不是——这正是要点。
- 它是第一单元的行会作坊与第六单元的工厂之间的那一步。
Build a market economy link by link · 一环一环搭出市场经济
'Britain had a market economy' is the conclusion; these four links are the argument. · "英国有市场经济"是结论;这四个环节才是论证。
Unit 1's Columbian Exchange arrives here as a cause of European ____ supply. · 第一单元的哥伦布大交换在这里成为欧洲 ____ 供应的一个原因。
The same fact, put to work in a new argument. · 同一个事实,被投入一个新的论证。
"Corporate entities" in the CED means guilds and chartered bodies. It is an early-modern term for the collective bodies that regulated who could work at a trade — reading it as modern corporations reverses the sentence, which is about restrictions being removed.
CED 中的"法团实体"指的是行会与获特许的团体。这是一个近代早期的用语,指那些规定谁可以从事某一行当的集体组织——把它读作现代公司,会把这句话读反,而这句话讲的是限制被移除。
Select all · 所有 the changes the CED names here. · 选出 CED 在此处点名的所有变化。
Factories belong to unit 6. · 工厂属于第六单元。
New financial practices
- The development of the market economy led to new financial practices and institutions.
- Early modern Europe developed a market economy that provided the foundation for its global role.
- The CED's second sentence is the unit's largest economic claim, and 3.4 supplies its global half.
新的金融做法
- 市场经济的发展带来了新的金融做法与机构。
- 近代早期欧洲发展出一种市场经济,为其全球角色奠定了基础。
- CED 的第二句是本单元最大的经济主张,而 3.4 提供了它的全球那一半。
The CED says early modern Europe's market economy provided the foundation for its global role. · CED 说近代早期欧洲的市场经济为其全球角色奠定了基础。
That is the unit's largest economic claim, and 3.4 supplies its global half. · 这是本单元最大的经济主张,而 3.4 提供了它的全球那一半。
Continuities and changes
- The objective is the continuities and changes in commercial and economic developments from 1648 to 1815.
- Change: higher yields, freer trade, the putting-out system, new financial institutions.
- Continuity: most production still domestic or agricultural, and unit 1's hierarchies of status intact.
延续与变化
- 这一目标是1648 至 1815 年间商业与经济发展的延续与变化。
- 变化:更高的产量、更自由的贸易、包买制、新的金融机构。
- 延续:多数生产仍是家庭式或农业式的,而第一单元的身份等级依然完好。
A merchant delivers wool to twenty households, collects the spun yarn, and sells it in a city three hundred miles away. No factory exists and no guild controls the work. Production looks medieval and the market does not — which is exactly why the putting-out system sits between units 1 and 6.
一位商人把羊毛送到二十户人家,收回纺好的纱线,再拿到三百英里外的城市出售。没有工厂存在,也没有行会管辖这项工作。生产看上去像中世纪,而市场并不像——这恰恰是包买制处在第一与第六单元之间的原因。
The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity, helped by American products transplanted to Europe. Labour and commodity trade were increasingly freed from restrictions imposed by governments and corporate entities (guilds and chartered bodies). The putting-out system expanded, with domestic production for distant markets. New financial practices and institutions followed, and early modern Europe's market economy provided the foundation for its global role.
农业革命提高了生产率,并得益于移植到欧洲的美洲作物。劳动力与商品贸易日益摆脱政府与法团实体(行会与获特许团体)所施加的限制。 包买制扩张,以家庭式生产供应远方市场。新的金融做法与机构随之而来,而近代早期欧洲的市场经济为其全球角色奠定了基础。