How European Culture Changed · 欧洲文化如何改变
Confidence undermined, two philosophies follow
- The effects of world war and economic depression undermined this confidence in science and human reason, giving impetus to existentialism and producing postmodernism in the post-1945 period.
- 8.10 recorded the confidence; this records what replaced it, and names two successors.
- The CED's verbs differ: existentialism was given impetus, postmodernism was produced — a distinction worth keeping.
信心被动摇,两种哲学随之而来
- 世界大战与经济萧条的影响,动摇了对科学与人类理性的这种信心,推动了存在主义,并在战后时期产生了后现代主义。
- 8.10 记录了那种信心;这里记录的是取代它的东西,并点出了两个后继者。
- CED 的动词有别:存在主义是被推动,后现代主义是被产生——这一区别值得保留。
Match each philosophy to the CED's verb for it. · 将每种哲学与CED对其使用的动词相匹配。
A distinction worth keeping. · 这是一个值得保留的区别。
Religion persists, against three challenges
- Organised religion continued to play a role in European social and cultural life despite the challenges of military and ideological conflict, modern secularism, and rapid social changes.
- Continued to play a role is a continuity claim in a unit full of change claims, and that is why it matters.
- The three challenges are named, and the CED says religion persisted despite all three.
宗教在三重挑战之下存续
- 有组织的宗教继续在欧洲的社会与文化生活中发挥作用,尽管面临军事与意识形态冲突、现代世俗主义与急剧社会变迁的挑战。
- 继续发挥作用是一项延续性主张,出现在一个充满变化主张的单元里,而这正是它重要的原因。
- 三项挑战被一一点名,而 CED 说宗教尽管面临全部三项仍然存续。
Select all · 所有 three challenges religion persisted despite. · 选择所有宗教尽管面临但仍持续存在的三项挑战。
A continuity claim in a unit full of change claims. · 在一个充满变化声明的单元中，这是一个连续性声明。
The arts, and a new influence
- During the 20th century, the arts were defined by experimentation, self-expression, subjectivity, and the increasing influence of the United States in both elite and popular culture.
- The first three continue 7.8's modern art; the fourth is new to this century.
- Both elite and popular refuses the usual split — the influence reached the gallery and the record shop alike.
艺术,以及一种新的影响
- 在 20 世纪,艺术由实验、自我表达、主观性,以及美国在精英文化与流行文化中日益增长的影响所界定。
- 前三项延续 7.8 的现代艺术;第四项对这个世纪而言是新的。
- 精英与流行两者拒绝了通常的划分——这种影响既到达了画廊,也到达了唱片店。
Select all · 所有 four things the CED says defined the 20th-century arts. · 选择CED所说的定义20世纪艺术的四个要素。
The first three continue 7.8's modern art. · 前三项延续了7.8的现代艺术。
"Continued to play a role" is a continuity claim in a unit full of change. Organised religion persisted despite the challenges of military and ideological conflict, modern secularism, and rapid social changes — an answer that reports secularisation as complete has contradicted the CED's own sentence.
"继续发挥作用"是一项延续性主张,出现在一个充满变化的单元里。有组织的宗教尽管面临军事与意识形态冲突、现代世俗主义与急剧社会变迁的挑战仍然存续——把世俗化说成已经完成的答案,与 CED 自己的句子相矛盾。
Thought, religion, the arts, or daily life? · 思想、宗教、艺术，还是日常生活？
Sort each postwar cultural development. · 对每项战后文化发展进行分类。
'Perceived bourgeois materialism' shows the CED is... · ‘ perceived bourgeois materialism ’表明CED是……
A careful word, worth noticing. · 一个谨慎用词，值得注意。
Consumer culture, the baby boom, and movements
- Mass production, new food technologies, and industrial efficiency increased disposable income and created a consumer culture in which greater domestic comforts such as electricity, indoor plumbing, plastics, and synthetic fibres became available.
- With economic recovery after World War II, the birth rate increased dramatically (the baby boom), often promoted by government policies.
- Various movements, including women's movements, political and social movements, gay and lesbian movements, and others, worked for expanded civil rights, in some cases obtaining the goals they sought, and in others facing strong opposition.
消费文化、婴儿潮与各种运动
- 大规模生产、新的食品技术与工业效率提高了可支配收入,并创造了一种消费文化,在其中电力、室内管道、塑料与合成纤维等更多家庭舒适设施变得可得。
- 随着第二次世界大战后的经济复苏,出生率急剧上升(婴儿潮),这常常由政府政策所推动。
- 各种运动,包括女性运动、政治与社会运动、男女同性恋运动及其他,为扩大公民权利而努力,在有些情况下达成了所追求的目标,而在另一些情况下面临强烈反对。
The most significant reaction of intellectuals and youth was the revolts of ____. · 知识分子和青年最重要的反应是____的反抗。
The same decades produced the consumer culture and its rejection. · 同一时期也产生了消费文化及其被拒绝的现象。
And a revolt against all of it
- Intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence, most significantly with the revolts of 1968.
- Perceived is the CED's careful word — it reports the reaction's own description of its target.
- So the same decades produced the consumer culture and its most visible rejection, which is the shape of the whole unit.
以及一场针对这一切的反抗
- 知识分子与青年反抗他们所认为的资产阶级物质主义与颓废,其中最显著的是 1968 年的反抗。
- 所认为的是 CED 谨慎的用词——它报告的是这场反抗对自身目标的描述。
- 因此同样这些年代既产生了消费文化,也产生了对它最显眼的拒斥,而这正是整个单元的形态。
A decade delivers indoor plumbing, synthetic fibres, a birth rate promoted by the state, and a student revolt against the comfort all three produced. The revolt is not evidence that the comforts failed; it is evidence that they arrived.
一个十年带来了室内管道、合成纤维、一个由国家推动的出生率,以及一场针对这三者所造就之舒适的学生反抗。这场反抗并不是这些舒适失败的证据;它是这些舒适到来了的证据。
World war and economic depression undermined confidence in science and human reason, giving impetus to existentialism and producing postmodernism; organised religion continued to play a role despite military and ideological conflict, modern secularism, and rapid social changes; the arts were defined by experimentation, self-expression, subjectivity, and the increasing influence of the United States in both elite and popular culture; mass production... created a consumer culture; the birth rate increased dramatically (the baby boom); movements worked for expanded civil rights; and intellectuals and youth reacted against perceived bourgeois materialism and decadence, most significantly with the revolts of 1968.
世界大战与经济萧条动摇了对科学与人类理性的信心,推动了存在主义并产生了后现代主义;有组织的宗教尽管面临军事与意识形态冲突、现代世俗主义与急剧社会变迁,仍继续发挥作用;艺术由实验、自我表达、主观性,以及美国在精英与流行文化中日益增长的影响所界定;大规模生产……创造了一种消费文化;出生率急剧上升(婴儿潮);各种运动为扩大公民权利而努力;而知识分子与青年反抗他们所认为的资产阶级物质主义与颓废,其中最显著的是 1968 年的反抗。