Models of Sovereignty · 主权模式
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutism/ˈæbsəluːtɪzəm/ | 专制主义 | zhuān zhì zhǔ yì |
| Constitutionalism/ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlɪzəm/ | 宪政主义 | xiàn zhèng zhǔ yì |
A new question after 1648
- The struggle for sovereignty within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralisation.
- Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
- The second sentence is new: unit 1 asked how much authority a state gathered; this unit asks what kind it was.
1648 年之后的一个新问题
- 国家内部与国家之间围绕主权的斗争,导致了程度不一的政治集权。
- 不同的政治主权模式,影响了国家之间以及国家与个人之间的关系。
- 第二句是新的:第一单元问的是一个国家聚集了多少权威;本单元问的是那是何种权威。
This unit's new question, compared with unit 1, is... · 本单元的新问题（相较于第1单元）是……
The answer is a model, not a quantity. · 答案是模式，而非数量。
Two answers, not one
- Absolutism 专制主义 answers that sovereignty rests in the ruler, exercised through a central administration.
- Constitutionalism 宪政主义 answers that it is shared, and that some rights stand against the ruler.
- Both are answers to the same seventeenth-century question, and the unit compares them rather than ranking them.
两个答案,而不是一个
- 专制主义(absolutism)的回答是:主权在统治者手中,通过一套中央行政体系行使。
- 宪政主义(constitutionalism)的回答是:主权是共享的,而某些权利可以对抗统治者。
- 两者都是对同一个十七世纪问题的回答,而本单元是比较它们,而不是给它们排座次。
Select both · 两者 relationships the CED says models of sovereignty affected. · 选择CED所述主权模式影响的两个关系。
The second is the one students skip. · 第二个是学生容易遗漏的。
Between states and individuals
- The CED's phrase between states and individuals is the one students skip.
- A model of sovereignty determines whether a subject has rights a court can enforce against the crown.
- So the constitutional question is not abstract: it decides whether property, trial and religion are secure.
国家与个人之间
- CED 的措辞国家与个人之间,正是学生会跳过的那一处。
- 一种主权模式决定了臣民是否拥有法院可以据以对抗王室的权利。
- 因此宪政问题并不抽象:它决定了财产、审判与宗教是否有保障。
Absolutist, constitutional, or the shared pressure? · 专制主义、立宪主义还是共同压力？
Sort each feature by the model it belongs to. · 按所属模式对每个特征进行分类。
____ places sovereignty in the ruler, exercised through a central administration. · ____将主权置于统治者手中，并通过中央行政行使。
Constitutionalism shares it and asserts rights against the ruler. · 立宪主义共享这一概念并主张对抗统治者的权利。
Unit 1 asked how much authority; this unit asks what kind. The CED's new sentence is that *different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals * — so the answer is a model, not a quantity.
**第一单元问的是权威有多少;本单元问的是它属于何种。**CED 新增的那句话是:不同的政治主权模式,影响了国家之间以及国家与个人之间的关系——因此答案是一种模式,而不是一个数量。
Select all · 所有 the pressures every state faced. · 选择每个国家面临的所有压力。
Industrial competition belongs to unit 6. · 工业竞争属于第6单元。
And among states
- A state's internal model shapes what it can do abroad: an absolutist state can commit resources without consent.
- A constitutional state must persuade a body that controls taxation, which is slower and more durable.
- 3.6's balance of power is where those two capacities meet.
以及国家之间
- 一个国家的内部模式,塑造了它在国外能做什么:专制国家可以不经同意就调动资源。
- 宪政国家必须说服一个掌控税收的机构,这更慢,却也更持久。
- 3.6 的力量均衡,正是这两种能力相遇之处。
The unit compares the two models rather than ranking them. · 本单元比较两种模式而非排名。
Both are answers to the same seventeenth-century question. · 两者都是对十七世纪同一问题的回答。
Context for a comparison
- The objective is the context in which different forms of political power developed from 1648 to 1815.
- Conditions: the wars of unit 2, the fiscal demands of 3.6's military revolution, and a nobility with something to defend.
- Every state faced the same three pressures, and the different answers they gave are what 3.8 compares.
为一次比较所作的语境
- 这一目标是1648 至 1815 年间不同政治权力形式得以发展的语境。
- 条件:第二单元的战争、3.6 军事革命所带来的财政要求,以及一个有东西要捍卫的贵族阶层。
- 每个国家都面对同样这三种压力,而它们给出的不同答案,正是 3.8 所要比较的。
Two states both need money for an army. One raises it by decree; the other must ask a body that can refuse. Both may end up with the same sum, and they are not the same kind of state — which is exactly the distinction the CED's second sentence introduces.
两个国家都需要钱来养军队。一个以敕令征取;另一个必须去请求一个可以拒绝的机构。两者最终也许拿到同样一笔钱,但它们并不是同一种国家——而这恰恰就是 CED 第二句话所引入的那个区分。
The struggle for sovereignty produced varying degrees of political centralisation, and different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals. Unit 1 asked how much authority; this unit asks what kind. Absolutism places sovereignty in the ruler; constitutionalism shares it and asserts rights against the ruler.
围绕主权的斗争带来了程度不一的政治集权,而不同的政治主权模式,影响了国家之间以及国家与个人之间的关系。第一单元问的是权威有多少;本单元问的是它属于何种。专制主义把主权置于统治者;宪政主义分享主权,并主张对抗统治者的权利。