A Settlement That Satisfied Few · 一个未能令多数人满意的协定
Two goals that could not both be met
- The conflicting goals of the peace negotiators in Paris pitted diplomatic idealism against the desire to punish Germany, producing a settlement that satisfied few.
- The CED locates the failure in the goals, not in the negotiators' competence.
- Satisfied few is its verdict, and few is not none — the settlement had defenders as well as enemies.
两个无法同时实现的目标
- 巴黎和会谈判者之间相互冲突的目标,使外交理想主义与惩罚德国的意愿相互对立,产生了一份令少数人满意的安排。
- CED 把失败定位在目标上,而不是谈判者的能力上。
- 令少数人满意是它的判断,而少数不是没有——这份安排既有敌人,也有辩护者。
Select both · 两者 conflicting goals the CED names. · 选择CED命名的两个相互冲突的目标。
The failure is located in the goals, not the negotiators. · 失败在于目标，而非谈判者。
The mandate system redistributed empire
- The League of Nations distributed former German and Ottoman possessions to France and Great Britain through the mandate system, thereby altering the imperial balance of power and creating a strategic interest in the Middle East and its oil.
- Two consequences named: altering the imperial balance of power, and creating a strategic interest in the Middle East and its oil.
- So a body founded to replace power politics also carried out a transfer of empire.
委任统治制度重新分配了帝国
- 国际联盟通过委任统治制度,把前德国与奥斯曼的属地分配给法国与大不列颠,从而改变了帝国间的均势,并造就了对中东及其石油的战略利益。
- 点出了两项后果:改变帝国间的均势,以及造就对中东及其石油的战略利益。
- 因此一个为取代强权政治而设立的机构,同时也执行了一次帝国的转移。
The CED's verdict is a settlement that satisfied ____. · CED的结论是一个满足____的协定。
And 'few' is not none — it had defenders as well as enemies. · 而且“少数”并非“ none（无人）”——它既有拥护者也有敌人。
Why it did not resolve the challenges
- Politically, it left a state punished but intact, and 8.6 names postwar bitterness among fascism's conditions.
- Economically, it did not repair the conditions 8.5's Great Depression would exploit.
- Diplomatically, it created an institution without the power to compel, and redistributed empire in the same act.
它为何没有解决那些挑战
- 政治上,它留下了一个受到惩罚但仍然完整的国家,而 8.6 把战后的怨恨列在法西斯主义的条件之中。
- 经济上,它没有修复 8.5 的大萧条将会利用的那些条件。
- 外交上,它设立了一个没有强制力的机构,并在同一动作中重新分配了帝国。
A goal, an outcome, or a later consequence? · 目标、结果还是后续影响？
Sort each element of the peace settlement. · 对和平协定的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 consequences of the mandate system the CED names. · 选择CED命名的委任统治制带来的两个后果。
A body founded to replace power politics carried out a transfer of empire. · 一个旨在取代权力政治的机构却执行了帝国转让。
The CED locates the failure in the goals, not the negotiators. Their conflicting goals pitted diplomatic idealism against the desire to punish Germany, so any settlement had to disappoint one of them — which is why the CED's verdict is a settlement that satisfied few rather than one that was badly drafted.
CED 把失败定位在目标上,而不是谈判者身上。他们相互冲突的目标使外交理想主义与惩罚德国的意愿相互对立,因此任何安排都必然令其中之一失望——这正是 CED 的判断是一份令少数人满意的安排,而不是一份起草得很糟的安排的原因。
Match each challenge to why the settlement failed to resolve it. · 将每个挑战与其导致协定未能解决该挑战的原因相匹配。
How and why, in three lines. · 如何以及为什么，用三行字。
Compare it with Vienna
- 5.7's Congress attempted to restore a balance and contain revolution, and 6.5 gave it an institution to do so.
- Paris attempted something harder: a settlement based on principle and on punishment at the same time.
- Naming the difference is the strongest single move available in this subtopic.
把它与维也纳相比
- 5.7 的会议试图恢复均势并遏制革命,而 6.5 为它提供了一个执行的机构。
- 巴黎尝试的是更难的事:一份同时建立在原则与惩罚之上的安排。
- 点出这一差别,是本小节中可用的最有力的单一动作。
Compared with Vienna, Paris attempted... · 与维也纳相比，巴黎试图...
Naming the difference is the strongest move here. · 在此处点明差异是最强的做法。
How and why it failed
- The objective is how and why the settlement failed to effectively resolve the political, economic, and diplomatic challenges.
- How: by producing terms that satisfied few and an institution without means of enforcement.
- Why: because the negotiators' goals conflicted, so any settlement had to disappoint one of them.
它如何以及为何失败
- 这一目标是这份安排如何以及为何未能有效解决政治、经济与外交上的挑战。
- 如何:通过产生令少数人满意的条款,以及一个没有执行手段的机构。
- 为何:因为谈判者的目标相互冲突,所以任何一份安排都必然令其中之一失望。
One party wants a settlement that no one has cause to overturn; another wants a settlement that makes one state unable to try. Every clause that serves the second weakens the first. The document that results is not a compromise; it is two documents in one binding.
一方想要一份没有人有理由推翻的安排;另一方想要一份使某个国家无力再试的安排。每一条服务于后者的条款,都在削弱前者。由此产生的文件不是一份妥协;它是装订在一起的两份文件。
The conflicting goals of the peace negotiators in Paris pitted diplomatic idealism against the desire to punish Germany, producing a settlement that satisfied few, and the League of Nations distributed former German and Ottoman possessions to France and Great Britain through the mandate system, thereby altering the imperial balance of power and creating a strategic interest in the Middle East and its oil. The failure lies in the goals, and it leaves postwar bitterness for 8.6 to build on.
巴黎和会谈判者之间相互冲突的目标,使外交理想主义与惩罚德国的意愿相互对立,产生了一份令少数人满意的安排,而国际联盟通过委任统治制度把前德国与奥斯曼的属地分配给法国与大不列颠,从而改变了帝国间的均势,并造就了对中东及其石油的战略利益。失败在于目标本身,而它留下了战后的怨恨,供 8.6 在其上建造。