Confidence and Its Loss · 信心及其丧失
Positivism states the strong claim
- Positivism, or the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge, emphasised the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs.
- Science alone is the strong version — not that science is one route to knowledge but that it is the only one.
- And note the reach: nature and human affairs, so society becomes an object of scientific study.
实证主义提出了强主张
- 实证主义,即认为唯有科学提供知识的哲学,强调对自然与人类事务的理性与科学分析。
- 唯有科学是强版本——不是说科学是通往知识的一条路,而是说它是唯一的一条。
- 也要注意它的覆盖范围:自然与人类事务,因此社会成为了科学研究的对象。
Positivism's claim is that science... · 实证主义的主张是科学……
The strong version, reaching to nature and human affairs. · 强版本延伸至自然和人类事务。
Then confidence is lost
- In the later 19th century, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism in intellectual and cultural life.
- Two shifts produce one result: relativism in values and loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge.
- So modernism is described here as a consequence of a philosophical change, not as a style choice.
随后信心失落
- 在 19 世纪后期,价值上的一种新的相对主义,以及对知识客观性的信心的丧失,导致了思想与文化生活中的现代主义。
- 两项转变产生一个结果:价值上的相对主义与对知识客观性的信心的丧失。
- 因此现代主义在这里被描述为一项哲学变化的后果,而不是一种风格选择。
Select both · 两者 shifts the CED says produced modernism. · 选择CED指出的导致现代主义的两个转变。
Two shifts, one result. · 两个转变，一个结果。
The see-saw in one subtopic
- 7.1's tension is visible here in miniature: positivism at the objectivity pole, modernism at the subjectivity pole.
- And they are not separated by a century — the confident claim and its collapse are decades apart.
- That compression is why the CED calls it a tension rather than a sequence.
一个小节里的跷跷板
- 7.1 的那种张力在这里以缩微形式呈现:实证主义在客观性一极,现代主义在主观性一极。
- 而且它们并不相隔一个世纪——那个自信的主张与它的崩塌相隔仅仅数十年。
- 这种压缩正是 CED 称之为张力而不是序列的原因。
Positivism, the loss of confidence, or the result? · 实证主义、信心的丧失还是结果？
Sort each element of the intellectual shift. · 对思想转变的每个要素进行排序。
The CED describes modernism as... · CED将现代主义描述为……
It follows the loss of confidence, in the CED's own sentence. · 它紧随信心丧失之后，正如CED自己的句子所述。
Two different doubts, and the CED distinguishes them. A new relativism in values is a doubt about what is good; the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge is a doubt about what can be known. Keeping them apart makes an answer precise at no extra cost.
两种不同的怀疑,而 CED 把它们区分开了。价值上一种新的相对主义是关于什么是好的怀疑;对知识客观性的信心的丧失是关于什么可以被知道的怀疑。把它们分开,可以不增加任何成本地让答案变得精确。
Match each doubt to what it doubts. · 将每个怀疑与其怀疑的对象相匹配。
The CED itself distinguishes them. · CED本身对此进行了区分。
Why the confidence broke
- The CED does not itemise causes here, so an answer should stay with what it does say: relativism in values, and doubt about objectivity.
- Those are two different doubts — one about what is good, one about what can be known.
- Distinguishing them is a cheap way to make an answer look precise, because the CED itself distinguishes them.
信心为何破裂
- CED 在这里没有逐项列出原因,因此答案应当停留在它确实说了的东西上:价值上的相对主义,以及对客观性的怀疑。
- 那是两种不同的怀疑——一种关于什么是好的,一种关于什么可以被知道。
- 把它们区分开来,是让答案显得精确的一种低成本方式,因为 CED 自己就区分了它们。
The confident claim and its collapse are only decades apart. · 自信的声明及其崩溃仅相隔数十年。
That compression is why the CED calls it a tension rather than a sequence. · 这种压缩正是CED称之为张力而非序列的原因。
Development and change
- The objective is how science and other intellectual disciplines developed and changed across the period.
- Developed: science extended its methods to human affairs and claimed exclusive authority over knowledge.
- Changed: that claim lost its grip, and modernism followed in intellectual and cultural life.
发展与变化
- 这一目标是科学与其他思想学科在这一时期如何发展与变化。
- 发展:科学把它的方法扩展到人类事务,并宣称对知识拥有排他性的权威。
- 变化:这一宣称失去了掌控力,而现代主义随之进入思想与文化生活。
A discipline that claims to be the only source of knowledge has staked everything on one method holding. When the method's own practitioners begin asking whether their instruments describe the world or only their own way of looking, the claim has nowhere to retreat to.
一门宣称自己是知识唯一来源的学科,已经把一切都押在一种方法能够站得住上。当这种方法自己的从业者开始追问,他们的工具究竟描述的是世界,还是只是他们自己的观看方式时,这一宣称就无处可退了。
Positivism, or the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge, emphasised the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs. Then, in the later 19th century, a new relativism in values and the loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism in intellectual and cultural life — 7.1's tension in miniature, with the confident claim and its collapse only decades apart.
**实证主义,即认为唯有科学提供知识的哲学,强调对自然与人类事务的理性与科学分析。**随后,在 19 世纪后期,价值上的一种新的相对主义,以及对知识客观性的信心的丧失,导致了思想与文化生活中的现代主义——这是 7.1 那一张力的缩微版,自信的主张与它的崩塌相隔仅数十年。