Art Turns, Three Times · 艺术转向，三次
A style change is not the disappearance of older art
- Compare an emotional landscape, a painting of ordinary working life and a Cubist portrait with multiple viewpoints.
- These can illustrate Romantic, Realist and modern approaches. The examples are teaching comparisons, not a claim that all artists switched style at the same moment.
Romanticism breaks with Neoclassicism
- Romanticism broke with Neoclassical forms of artistic representation and with rationalism, placing more emphasis on intuition and emotion. Romantic artists and composers broke from classical artistic forms to emphasise emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works.
- Six emphases listed — and national histories ties the art directly to 7.2's nationalism.
Select all · 所有 the emphases the CED lists for Romantic artists and composers. · 选择CED为浪漫派艺术家和作曲家列出的所有侧重点。
National histories ties the art directly to 7.2's nationalism. · 民族历史将艺术与7.2的民族主义直接联系起来。
Writers, responding to two revolutions
- Romantic writers expressed similar themes while responding to the Industrial Revolution and to various political revolutions. So the literature is not only an aesthetic movement — it is a reaction to unit 5 and unit 6.
- That gives an easy, accurate connection between the cultural thread and the other two.
Select both · 两者 moves Realism made. · 选择现实主义所做的两个转变。
The objectivity pole arriving in art. · 客观性在艺术中的体现。
Realism turns to ordinary lives
- Realist and materialist themes and attitudes influenced art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems. Two moves: a change of subject (ordinary people) and a change of purpose (drawing attention to social problems).
- This is the objectivity pole arriving in art, in step with 7.5's positivism.
Romanticism, Realism, or Modern art? · 浪漫主义、现实主义还是现代艺术？
Sort each artistic development. · 对每种艺术发展进行分类。
Select all · 所有 three modern movements the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有三个现代流派。
Neoclassicism is what Romanticism broke with. · 新古典主义正是浪漫主义所背离的对象。
The objection is part of the content. The CED says modern art often provoked audiences that believed that art should reflect shared and idealised values, including beauty and patriotism — so an answer that describes only the new styles has left out the conflict the CED wrote into the sentence.
Select both · 两者 values the provoked audiences expected art to reflect. · 选择被激怒的观众期望艺术反映的两个价值观。
The objection is part of the content. · 反对意见属于内容的一部分。
Modern art moves past representation
- Modern art, including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Cubism, moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive and often provoked audiences that believed that art should reflect shared and idealised values, including beauty and patriotism. The CED names the movements, the direction, and the objection — audiences expecting beauty and patriotism.
- So the conflict is part of the content: the audience reaction is part of the stated historical relationship, alongside changes in artistic approach.
Put the three turns in the CED's order. · 按CED的顺序排列这三次转向。
The continuity is the argument about what art is for. · 连续性在于关于艺术用途的争论。
Continuities and changes
- The objective is the continuities and changes in European artistic expression from 1815 to 1914. Change: three turns — away from classical form, toward ordinary life, then towards varied subjective and experimental treatments.
- Continuity: art keeps arguing about the same question 7.1 named — whether it reports the world or expresses a self.
Three hypothetical canvases representing different approaches: a hero in a classical pose, a laundress at a tub, and a face assembled from angles that no eye ever met at once. The comparison illustrates different subjects and methods; it is not an exact chronology or evidence that every audience reacted alike.
Carry the reasoning to a new case
- Within 1815–1914 the movements overlap.
- Modern works can still depict recognisable subjects, while challenging idealised beauty or conventional representation.
Match each hypothetical artwork to the approach it best illustrates.
Use subject and treatment as evidence. Broad movements overlap and do not describe every work identically.
Romanticism broke with Neoclassical forms and with rationalism, emphasising intuition and emotion — artists stressed emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories, and writers responded to the Industrial Revolution and various political revolutions. Realist and materialist themes turned to the lives of ordinary people and social problems. Modern art — Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism — moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive, provoking audiences who expected beauty and patriotism.