Population, Family and City · 人口、家庭与城市
From famine to steady growth
- In the 17th century, small landholdings, low-productivity agricultural practices, poor transportation and adverse weather limited and disrupted the food supply, causing periodic famines.
- By the 18th century, the balance between population and the food supply stabilised, resulting in steady population growth.
- Four named causes of the earlier crisis, and 3.3's Agricultural Revolution is what removes them.
从饥荒到稳定增长
- 在十七世纪,小块土地占有、低生产率的农业做法、糟糕的运输与恶劣天气,限制并扰乱了粮食供应,造成周期性饥荒。
- 到十八世纪,人口与粮食供应之间的平衡趋于稳定,带来了稳定的人口增长。
- 早期危机有四个被点名的成因,而 3.3 的农业革命正是移除它们的东西。
Select all · 所有 the causes of 17th-century food disruption the CED names. · 选择CED提到的17世纪粮食中断的所有原因。
Migration is a consequence of later growth, not a cause of famine. · 迁移是后期增长的结果，而非饥荒的原因。
Growth was still restrained
- Although the rate of illegitimate births increased in the 18th century, population growth was limited by the European marriage pattern, and in some areas by various birth control methods.
- 1.10 introduced the marriage pattern as a response to hardship; here it is still operating in better times.
- So a demographic habit outlived the crisis that produced it, which is a good example of continuity.
增长仍然受到抑制
- 尽管十八世纪非婚生育率上升,人口增长仍受欧洲婚姻模式的限制,并在某些地区受到各种避孕方法的限制。
- 1.10 把婚姻模式引入,作为对困苦的一种回应;在这里,它在境况转好之后仍在运行。
- 因此一种人口习惯比造就它的那场危机活得更久,这是一个很好的延续例证。
The European marriage pattern still limited growth in the 18th century. · 欧洲婚姻模式在18世纪仍限制增长。
A demographic habit that outlived the crisis that produced it. · 一种延续到危机之后的生活习惯。
Childhood and private life
- As infant and child mortality decreased, and commercial wealth increased, families dedicated more space and resources to children and child-rearing, as well as private life and comfort.
- The CED gives two causes — lower mortality and more wealth — and one consequence with three parts.
- More space is literal: houses acquire rooms with doors, and 4.5's consumer revolution furnishes them.
童年与私人生活
- 随着婴幼儿死亡率下降与商业财富增加,家庭把更多空间与资源投入到子女与育儿,以及私人生活与舒适之上。
- CED 给出两个原因——死亡率下降与财富增加——以及一个包含三个部分的后果。
- 更多空间是字面意义上的:房屋有了带门的房间,而 4.5 的消费革命为它们添置陈设。
A cause of famine, a brake on growth, or a consequence? · 饥荒的原因、增长的阻碍还是结果？
Sort each element of the demographic change. · 对人口统计变化的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 causes the CED gives for families dedicating more to children. · 选择CED给出的家庭更多关注儿童的两个原因。
And the consequence has three parts: children, private life, comfort. · 而结果有三部分：子女、私人生活、舒适。
The European marriage pattern was still restraining growth in better times. 1.10 introduced it as a response to hardship, and 4.4 records it still operating in the eighteenth century — a demographic habit that outlived the crisis that produced it.
**在境况转好的时期,欧洲婚姻模式仍在抑制增长。**1.10 把它引入,作为对困苦的一种回应,而 4.4 记录下它在十八世纪仍在运行——一种比造就它的那场危机活得更久的人口习惯。
The CED's sentence on cities gives... · CED关于城市的句子给出了……
Urban growth is a sign of movement, and movement is disruptive at both ends. · 城市增长是运动的标志，而运动在两端都是破坏性的。
Cities pulled and strained
- Cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted increasing migration from rural areas, transforming urban life and creating challenges for the new urbanites and their families.
- The CED gives the pull and the cost in one sentence, as it did in 1.10.
- So urban growth is not a sign of prosperity alone — it is a sign of movement, and movement is disruptive at both ends.
城市既吸引也承压
- 城市提供经济机会,这吸引了越来越多来自乡村的移民,改变了城市生活,并为新市民及其家庭带来了种种挑战。
- CED 在同一句话里给出了拉力与代价,一如它在 1.10 中所做。
- 因此城市增长不只是繁荣的标志——它是移动的标志,而移动在两端都具有扰动性。
The CED's phrase "more " is literal: houses acquire rooms with doors. · CED短语“更多”是字面意思：房屋获得了带门的房间。
And 4.5's consumer revolution furnishes them. · 而4.5的消费革命为它们提供了物质基础。
Factors and consequences
- The objective is the factors contributing to and the consequences of demographic changes from 1648 to 1815.
- Factors: agricultural improvement, better transport, and the marriage pattern acting as a brake.
- Consequences: steady growth, changed childhood, more private life, and urban migration with its strains.
因素与后果
- 这一目标是1648 至 1815 年间人口变化的促成因素与后果。
- 因素:农业改良、更好的运输,以及作为刹车的婚姻模式。
- 后果:稳定的增长、改变了的童年、更多的私人生活,以及带着压力的城市迁移。
A house with a corridor and separate bedrooms is a demographic fact before it is an architectural one. It becomes possible when fewer children die, when a family has money, and when both are common enough that builders design for it. The CED's more space is doing exactly that work.
一所带走廊与独立卧室的房子,在成为建筑事实之前,先是一个人口学事实。当死去的孩子更少、当一个家庭有了钱、当两者都普遍到足以让营造者据此设计时,它才成为可能。CED 的"更多空间"做的正是这项工作。
Seventeenth-century famines came from small landholdings, low productivity, poor transport and adverse weather; by the eighteenth century the balance stabilised, producing steady growth. Growth was still limited by the European marriage pattern. Lower infant mortality and commercial wealth led families to dedicate more space and resources to children, private life and comfort. Cities offered opportunities, attracted migration, and created challenges.
十七世纪的饥荒源自小块土地占有、低生产率、糟糕运输与恶劣天气;到十八世纪,这一平衡趋于稳定,带来稳定增长。增长仍受欧洲婚姻模式限制。婴幼儿死亡率下降与商业财富使家庭把更多空间与资源投入子女、私人生活与舒适。城市提供机会、吸引迁移,并制造了种种挑战。