The Scientific Revolution · 科学革命
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| New ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals, including Copernicus, Galileo and Newton, to question the authority of the ancients and traditional knowledge, and to develop a heliocentric | 日心说 | rì xīn shuō |
| Anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians, including William Harvey, presented the body as an integrated system, challenging the traditional humoral theory | 体液学说 | tǐ yè xué shuō |
| Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive/ˈfrænsɪs ˈbeɪkən ænd rɪˈneɪ dɪˈskɑːts dɪˈfaɪnd ɪnˈdʌktɪv/ | 归纳的 | guī nà de |
| and deductive/ænd dɪˈdʌktɪv/ | 演绎的 | yǎn yì de |
Astronomy questioned authority
- New ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals, including Copernicus, Galileo and Newton, to question the authority of the ancients and traditional knowledge, and to develop a heliocentric 日心说 view of the cosmos.
- The CED puts question the authority of the ancients before the heliocentric conclusion.
- So the revolution is first about who decides what is true, and only then about where the sun sits.
天文学质疑权威
- 天文学上的新观念与新方法,使包括哥白尼、伽利略与牛顿在内的个人开始质疑古人的权威与传统知识,并发展出日心说(heliocentric)的宇宙观。
- CED 把质疑古人的权威放在日心说结论之前。
- 因此这场革命首先关乎由谁来决定什么是真的,其次才关乎太阳位于何处。
The CED puts which claim before the heliocentric conclusion? · CED 把哪一项主张放在日心说结论之前?
The revolution is first about who decides what is true. · 这场革命首先关乎由谁来决定什么是真的。
Medicine did the same to Galen
- Anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians, including William Harvey, presented the body as an integrated system, challenging the traditional humoral theory 体液学说 of the body and of disease espoused by Galen.
- The parallel with astronomy is exact: an ancient authority replaced by a result obtained from observation.
- An integrated system is the new model — parts that work together, rather than four fluids in balance.
医学对盖伦做了同样的事
- 包括威廉·哈维在内的医师所作的解剖学与医学发现,把身体呈现为一个整合的系统,挑战了盖伦所主张的传统体液学说(humoral theory)及其疾病观。
- 它与天文学的平行关系是精确的:一位古代权威被一项由观察得来的结果所取代。
- 一个整合的系统是新的模型——各部分协同运作,而不是四种体液的平衡。
Harvey's work challenged which traditional theory? · 哈维的工作挑战了哪一种传统学说?
The body as an integrated system replaced four fluids in balance. · 作为整合系统的身体,取代了四种体液的平衡。
Two ways of reasoning, named
- Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive 归纳的 and deductive 演绎的 reasoning and promoted experimentation and the use of mathematics, which would ultimately shape the scientific method.
- Induction works from many observations toward a general rule; deduction works from a principle toward a necessary consequence.
- The scientific method uses both, and the CED credits the pair jointly rather than either alone.
两种被点名的推理方式
- 弗朗西斯·培根与勒内·笛卡尔界定了归纳(inductive)与演绎(deductive)推理,并倡导实验与数学的运用,这最终塑造了科学方法。
- 归纳从许多观察走向一条一般规则;演绎从一条原则走向一个必然的结论。
- 科学方法两者兼用,而 CED 把功劳同时记在这两人名下,而不是其中任何一人。
Follow a method from nature to society · 看一种方法从自然走向社会
The unit's central move is that a method built for nature gets turned on political and ethical questions. · 本单元的核心动作,是把为研究自然而建立的方法转用于政治与伦理问题。
Match each form of reasoning to its direction. · 把每种推理形式与其方向配对。
The CED credits Bacon and Descartes jointly. · CED 把功劳同时记在培根与笛卡尔名下。
Alchemy and astrology were not a survival that scientists merely tolerated. The CED gives the reason they appealed: they shared with the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe. That shared assumption is why the same people could pursue both.
炼金术与占星术不是科学家仅仅容忍的遗留物。CED 给出了它们之所以有吸引力的理由:它们与新科学共享"宇宙可预测、可认知"这一观念。正是这一共有的前提,使同一批人能够同时从事两者。
Alchemy and astrology shared with the new science the notion of a ____ and knowable universe. · 炼金术与占星术与新科学共享"宇宙 ____ 且可认知"这一观念。
That shared assumption is why the same people could pursue both. · 正是这一共有的前提,使同一批人能够同时从事两者。
Old and new coexisted
- Alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to elites and some natural philosophers, in part because they shared with the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe.
- The CED gives a reason for the overlap, and it is a good one: both assume the world follows rules that can be found.
- At the same time, many people continued to believe that the cosmos was governed by spiritual forces.
新旧并存
- 炼金术与占星术继续吸引着精英与一些自然哲学家,部分原因在于它们与新科学共享"宇宙可预测、可认知"这一观念。
- CED 为这一重叠给出了一个理由,而这个理由很有道理:两者都假定世界遵循可以被找到的规则。
- 与此同时,许多人仍然相信宇宙由灵性力量所支配。
The CED says many people continued to believe the cosmos was governed by spiritual forces. · CED 说许多人仍然相信宇宙由灵性力量所支配。
Which is part of the "not unchallenged" of 4.1. · 这是 4.1 中"并非未受挑战"的一部分。
Developed and changed
- The objective is how understanding of the natural world developed and changed.
- Developed: method — observation, experiment, mathematics, and two named forms of reasoning.
- Changed: content — a heliocentric cosmos and a body as an integrated system, both against an ancient authority.
发展与改变
- 这一目标是对自然界的理解如何发展与改变。
- 发展:方法——观察、实验、数学,以及两种被点名的推理形式。
- 改变:内容——日心说的宇宙,以及作为整合系统的身体,两者都在对抗一位古代权威。
Both a horoscope and a planetary table assume the heavens are regular enough to be calculated. One turned out to describe something real and the other did not, and in 1650 that was the open question — not an obvious difference anyone could have pointed to in advance.
一份星盘与一张行星表,都假定天体规则到足以被计算。后来其中一个被证明描述了某种真实之物,另一个没有;而在 1650 年,这正是尚未有定论的问题——而不是任何人事先就能指出的一个显而易见的差别。
New ideas and methods in astronomy led Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and develop a heliocentric view. Harvey presented the body as an integrated system, challenging Galen's humoral theory. Bacon and Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation and mathematics. Alchemy and astrology continued to appeal because they shared the notion of a predictable and knowable universe.
天文学上的新观念与新方法,使哥白尼、伽利略与牛顿质疑古人的权威,并发展出日心说的宇宙观。 哈维把身体呈现为一个整合的系统,挑战了盖伦的体液学说。 培根与笛卡尔界定了归纳与演绎推理,并倡导实验与数学。 炼金术与占星术继续具有吸引力,因为它们共享宇宙可预测、可认知这一观念。