The Printing Press · 印刷机
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The invention of printing promoted the dissemination/ðɪ ɪnˈvenʃn ɒv ˈprɪntɪŋ prəˈməʊtɪd ðə dɪˌsemɪˈneɪʃn/ | 传播 | chuán bō |
One sentence, enormous consequences
- The invention of printing promoted the dissemination 传播 of new ideas.
- That is the whole Key Concept, which means the exam wants your account of the mechanisms.
- So the work of this subtopic is to say how printing did that, in specific and evidenced steps.
一句话,巨大的后果
- 印刷术的发明促进了新观念的传播(dissemination)。
- 这就是整条核心概念,这意味着考试想要的是你自己对其机制的说明。
- 因此本小节的工作,是用具体而有证据的步骤说出印刷术如何做到这一点。
The Key Concept for this subtopic is one sentence, which means the exam wants... · 本小节的核心概念只有一句话,这意味着考试想要的是……
Say how · 如何 printing disseminated ideas, in specific steps. · 用具体的步骤说出印刷术如何传播了观念。
Identical copies change what a text is
- A manuscript is copied by hand, so every copy differs slightly and errors accumulate.
- A printed edition produces hundreds of identical copies, so a scholar in one city can cite a page number to a scholar in another.
- That is what makes shared, cumulative scholarship possible — and it is a precondition for both 1.3 and unit 4.
完全相同的副本改变了文本的性质
- 手抄本是逐份誊写的,因此每一份都略有不同,而错误会不断累积。
- 印刷版一次产出数百份完全相同的副本,因此一座城市的学者可以向另一座城市的学者引用页码。
- 这正是共享的、可累积的学术得以可能的原因——也是 1.3 与第四单元共同的前提。
Select all · 所有 the mechanisms this lesson names. · 选出本课点名的所有机制。
Transport is not what changed here. · 这里改变的不是运输。
Cost, and therefore reach
- Printing lowered the price of a book dramatically, which widened who could own one.
- A wider readership makes writing for that readership worth doing — in vernacular languages as well as Latin.
- So printing changes not only how fast an idea travels but which ideas are written down at all.
成本,以及由此而来的触及范围
- 印刷术大幅降低了书籍的价格,从而扩大了谁能拥有一本书。
- 更广的读者群,使为这群读者写作变得值得——用本地语言写,而不只是用拉丁文。
- 因此印刷术改变的不只是一个观念传播得多快,还有究竟哪些观念会被写下来。
Multiply an idea by a press · 把思想乘以印刷机
The press is an amplifier: it supplied no ideas, and the ideas reached nobody without it. · 印刷机是放大器:它不提供思想,而思想没有它也到不了任何人手里。
Printing spread accurate scholarship more efficiently than errors. · 印刷术传播准确学术的效率高于传播错误。
Dissemination is neutral about accuracy — it spread both equally well. · 传播对准确性是中立的——它把两者传播得同样好。
Dissemination is neutral about accuracy. Printing spread errors, forgeries and polemic exactly as efficiently as it spread scholarship — which is why the same technology underwrites both the philological correction of texts and the pamphlet wars of unit 2.
**传播对准确性是中立的。**印刷术传播错误、伪作与论战文字的效率,与它传播学术的效率完全一样——这正是同一种技术既支撑了文本的语文学校订、也支撑了第二单元小册子论战的原因。
Identical copies let scholars cite the same ____ across cities. · 完全相同的副本,让学者可以跨城市引用同一 ____。
Cumulative scholarship begins with that boring fact. · 可累积的学术,正是从这个平淡无奇的事实开始的。
Control became harder
- A manuscript can be suppressed by seizing it; an edition of a thousand cannot.
- So printing shifted the balance between authors and authorities, which matters for 1.2's institutional challenge and for unit 2.
- It also spread errors and forgeries just as efficiently — dissemination is neutral about accuracy.
控制变得更难
- 一份手抄本可以通过没收来压制;一千册的版本则不能。
- 因此印刷术改变了作者与当局之间的平衡,这对 1.2 的制度性挑战与第二单元都很重要。
- 它同样高效地传播错误与伪作——传播对准确性是中立的。
Select all · 所有 the later developments an answer may reach forward to. · 选出答案可以向后延伸到的所有后世发展。
The objective covers modern European history. · 这一目标涵盖的是近代欧洲历史。
Cultural and intellectual developments
- The objective is the influence of the printing press on cultural and intellectual developments in modern European history — note modern, not just 1450–1648.
- So the answer can reach forward: the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the nineteenth-century press all depend on it.
- Naming a mechanism and then a later development that used it is exactly what the objective invites.
文化与智识的发展
- 这一目标是印刷机对近代欧洲历史中文化与智识发展的影响——注意是近代,而不只是 1450—1648 年。
- 因此答案可以向后延伸:宗教改革、科学革命、启蒙运动与十九世纪的报刊,全都依赖于它。
- 先点出一种机制,再点出一项利用了它的后世发展,正是这一目标所邀请的做法。
Two scholars in different countries can now argue about the same sentence, because they own the same edition and can cite the same page. Before printing, they would first have had to establish that they were reading the same text at all. Cumulative scholarship begins with that boring fact.
两位身处不同国家的学者,如今可以就同一个句子争论,因为他们拥有同一个版本、可以引用同一页码。在印刷术之前,他们首先得确认自己读的究竟是不是同一个文本。可累积的学术,正是从这个平淡无奇的事实开始的。
The invention of printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas — the whole Key Concept, so supply the mechanisms yourself: identical copies make cumulative scholarship possible, lower cost widens readership and encourages vernacular writing, and volume makes suppression harder. Dissemination is neutral about accuracy, and the objective covers modern European history, not only 1450–1648.
印刷术的发明促进了新观念的传播——这就是整条核心概念,因此机制要由你自己提供:完全相同的副本使可累积的学术成为可能,更低的成本扩大读者群并鼓励本地语言写作,而印数使压制变得更难。传播对准确性是中立的,而这一目标涵盖的是近代欧洲历史,不只是 1450—1648 年。