Two Blocs, Two Models · 两大阵营，两种模式
The West: influence and institutions
- The United States exerted a strong military, political, and economic influence in Western Europe, leading to the creation of world monetary and trade systems and geopolitical alliances, including NATO.
- Three kinds of influence, and two kinds of institution: monetary and trade systems, and geopolitical alliances.
- 9.2's Marshall Plan is the economic half of that influence, so the two subtopics are one account.
西方:影响力与机构
- 美国在西欧施加了强大的军事、政治与经济影响,促成了世界货币与贸易体系以及包括北约在内的地缘政治同盟的建立。
- 三类影响,两类机构:货币与贸易体系,以及地缘政治同盟。
- 9.2 的马歇尔计划是这种影响的经济那一半,因此这两个小节是同一段叙述。
Match each bloc to the CED's own word for the relationship. · 将每个阵营与CED对该关系的用词相匹配。
The difference in words is the difference in the claim. · 措辞的差异即是主张的差异。
The East: domination and its institutions
- Countries east of the Iron Curtain came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and the Warsaw Pact.
- The CED uses influence for the West and domination for the East, and the difference in words is the difference in the claim.
- The institutional shape is parallel — an economic body and a military pact on each side.
东方:支配及其机构
- 铁幕以东的国家在经济互助委员会(经互会)与华沙条约组织的框架内,处于苏联的军事、政治与经济支配之下。
- CED 对西方用影响,对东方用支配,而措辞上的差别正是主张上的差别。
- 机构的形态是对称的——每一边都有一个经济机构与一个军事条约。
Select all · 所有 three features of the Soviet-bloc economic model. · 选择所有三个社会主义阵营经济模式的特征。
Three economic features, and three political costs beside them. · 三项经济特征及其伴随的三项政治代价。
The bloc model, and what came with it
- Central and Eastern European nations within the Soviet bloc followed an economic model based on central planning, extensive social welfare, and specialised production among bloc members.
- This brought with it the restriction of individual rights and freedoms, suppression of dissent, and constraint of emigration for the various populations within the Soviet bloc.
- The CED gives the model's three economic features and its three political costs in adjacent sentences.
阵营模式,以及随之而来的东西
- 苏联阵营内的中欧与东欧国家,遵循一种以中央计划、广泛社会福利,以及阵营成员之间专业化分工生产为基础的经济模式。
- 这随之带来了对个人权利与自由的限制、对异见的压制,以及对苏联阵营内各类人群移居的限制。
- CED 在相邻的两句话里,给出了这一模式的三项经济特征与三项政治代价。
Select all · 所有 three costs the CED says the model brought with it. · 选择所有CED指出的该模式带来的代价。
Welfare was extensive in the model, not abolished. · 该模式中福利广泛存在，并未被废除。
The CED uses influence for the West and domination for the East. That difference in words is the difference in the claim — reproduce it rather than levelling the two, and rather than reaching for stronger language of your own.
**CED 对西方用影响,对东方用支配。**措辞上的这一差别正是主张上的差别——把它照样再现,而不要把两者拉平,也不要自行使用更强的措辞。
Western institution, Eastern institution, bloc economics, or bloc costs? · 西方制度、东方制度、阵营经济还是阵营代价？
Sort each element of the divided continent. · 对分裂大陆的各要素进行分类。
'Oscillated between repression and limited reform' describes... · '在镇压与有限改革之间反复'描述的是……
For decades, until the collapse. · 数十年来，直至解体。
Oscillation, then collapse
- Eastern European nations were bound by their relationships with the Soviet Union, which oscillated between repression and limited reform, until the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the fall of the Soviet Union.
- Oscillated describes a pattern, not a trend — the relationship moved back and forth for decades.
- The rise of new nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe brought peaceful revolution in most countries but resulted in instability in some former Soviet republics.
摇摆,继而崩溃
- 东欧国家受制于它们与苏联的关系,这种关系在压制与有限改革之间摇摆,直至东欧共产党政府的垮台与苏联的解体。
- 摇摆描述的是一种模式,而不是一种趋势——这种关系来回摆动了数十年。
- 中欧与东欧新民族主义的兴起,在大多数国家带来了和平革命,但在一些前苏联加盟共和国造成了不稳定。
New nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe brought... · 中欧和东欧的新民族主义带来了……
The CED distinguishes most countries from some republics. · CED区分了大多数国家与部分共和国。
Economic and political consequences
- The objective is the economic and political consequences of the Cold War for Europe.
- The clean structure is symmetrical: each bloc's economic model, each bloc's institutions, and one comparison sentence.
- The comparison the CED itself makes is influence against domination — use its words, not stronger ones.
经济与政治后果
- 这一目标是冷战对欧洲的经济与政治后果。
- 清爽的结构是对称的:每个阵营的经济模式、每个阵营的机构,以及一句比较。
- CED 自己作出的比较是影响对支配——使用它的措辞,而不是更强的措辞。
Two halves of a continent each acquire an economic organisation and a military alliance in the same decade. The shapes match; the relationships inside them do not. Comparing the shapes and then the relationships is the whole of the answer.
一块大陆的两半,在同一个十年里各自获得了一个经济组织与一个军事同盟。形态相互对应;而其内部的关系并不相同。先比较形态,再比较关系,就是整个答案。
The United States exerted a strong military, political, and economic influence in Western Europe, leading to world monetary and trade systems and geopolitical alliances, including NATO, while countries east of the Iron Curtain came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union within COMECON and the Warsaw Pact. The bloc model rested on central planning, extensive social welfare, and specialised production, and brought with it the restriction of individual rights and freedoms, suppression of dissent, and constraint of emigration.
美国在西欧施加了强大的军事、政治与经济影响,促成了世界货币与贸易体系以及包括北约在内的地缘政治同盟,而铁幕以东的国家在经互会与华沙条约组织的框架内,处于苏联的军事、政治与经济支配之下。阵营模式建立在中央计划、广泛社会福利与专业化分工生产之上,并随之带来了对个人权利与自由的限制、对异见的压制,以及对移居的限制。