Why Britain First · 为何率先在英国发生
Materials, and then everything else
- Britain's ready supplies of coal, iron ore, and other essential raw materials promoted industrial growth.
- Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanisation of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favourable political and social climates.
- In conjunction with is the load-bearing phrase: the materials matter together with the climates, not instead of them.
原料,然后是其余的一切
- 英国现成的煤、铁矿石与其他必需原料的供应,推动了工业增长。
- 大不列颠通过纺织生产、钢铁生产的机械化与新的运输体系,并结合独特有利的政治与社会气候,确立了它的工业主导地位。
- 结合是承重的短语:原料是与这些气候一起起作用,而不是取代它们。
'In conjunction with' means the resources... · ‘连同’意味着资源……
Coal without the institutions that turn it into policy is just coal. · 缺乏将其转化为政策的制度，煤炭仅是煤炭。
Institutions and human capital
- Economic institutions and human capital such as engineers, inventors, and capitalists helped Britain lead the process of industrialisation, largely through private initiative.
- Human capital is the CED's term: skill embodied in people is an economic resource like coal.
- And largely through private initiative is the contrast the whole unit turns on.
制度与人力资本
- 经济制度与人力资本——诸如工程师、发明家与资本家——帮助英国引领工业化进程,主要通过私人主动性。
- 人力资本是 CED 的用词:体现在人身上的技能,是一种像煤一样的经济资源。
- 而主要通过私人主动性,正是整个单元所围绕的对照。
The CED's term for skill embodied in engineers and inventors is human . · CED对工程师和发明家身上体现的技能术语是人类。
An economic resource like coal. · 像煤炭一样的经济资源。
A parliament that represented the interest
- Britain's parliamentary government promoted commercial and industrial interests because those interests were represented in Parliament.
- The CED gives a mechanism, not a coincidence: representation produces favourable policy.
- 3.2's constitutional settlement therefore has an economic consequence a century later.
一个代表着该利益的议会
- 英国的议会制政府推动商业与工业利益,因为这些利益在议会中有代表。
- CED 给出的是一个机制,而不是巧合:代表权产生有利的政策。
- 因此 3.2 的宪政安排在一个世纪之后有了经济后果。
Material, institutional, or political? · 物质性、制度性还是政治性？
Sort each factor in Britain's lead. · 对英国领先因素的排序。
Parliament promoted commercial interests because... · 议会促进商业利益是因为……
The CED gives a mechanism, not a coincidence. · CED提供了一个机制，而非巧合。
The CED says Britain's advantage came from mechanisation in conjunction with uniquely favourable political and social climates. Resources alone do not explain it — coal without the institutions, the human capital and the representation that turned it into policy is just coal.
**CED 说英国的优势来自机械化并结合独特有利的政治与社会气候。**仅有资源无法解释它——没有制度、人力资本以及把它变成政策的代表权,煤就只是煤而已。
Select all · 所有 the factors the CED lists for eastern and southern Europe's lag. · 选择CED列出的东欧和南欧落后的所有因素。
Explicitly a combination of factors — the CED lists five. · 明确为多种因素的结合——CED列出了五项。
France, and the east and south
- France moved toward industrialisation at a more gradual pace than Great Britain, with government support and with less dislocation of traditional methods of production.
- A combination of factors, including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites, the persistence of serfdom in some areas, and inadequate government sponsorship, accounted for eastern and southern Europe's lag.
- Because of the continued existence of more primitive agricultural practices and land-owning patterns, some areas of Europe lagged in industrialisation while facing famine, debt, and land shortages.
法国,以及东部与南部
- 法国以比大不列颠更为渐进的步调走向工业化,伴有政府支持,对传统生产方式的扰动也较小。
- 多种因素的结合——包括地理、资源缺乏、传统地主精英的主导、部分地区农奴制的延续,以及政府扶持不足——解释了东欧与南欧的滞后。
- 由于更为原始的农业实践与土地占有模式的持续存在,欧洲的一些地区在工业化上滞后,同时面临饥荒、债务与土地短缺。
France industrialised more gradually, with government support and less dislocation of traditional methods. · 法国的工业化更为渐进，有政府支持且对传统方式的冲击较小。
The state's greater role on the continent, in its French form. · 国家在欧洲大陆发挥更大作用，以法国形式体现。
Factors, not a single cause
- The objective asks for the factors that influenced the development of industrialisation, plural.
- The CED's own answer for the lagging regions is explicitly a combination of factors, and it lists five.
- So a strong answer gives at least a material factor, an institutional one, and a political one.
诸因素,而非单一原因
- 这一目标要求的是影响工业化发展的诸因素,是复数。
- CED 对滞后地区自己的回答明确是多种因素的结合,并列出了五项。
- 因此一个有力的答案,至少要给出一项物质因素、一项制度因素与一项政治因素。
Two regions have coal. In one, the men who own the mines sit in the body that writes the transport law; in the other, the men who own the land do. The seam is the same depth in both. The railway is built in only one.
两个地区都有煤。其中一个地区,拥有矿井的人坐在制定运输法的机构里;另一个地区,坐在那里的是拥有土地的人。两地的煤层深度相同。但铁路只在其中一处修成。
Britain's ready supplies of coal and iron ore worked in conjunction with uniquely favourable political and social climates: economic institutions and human capital — engineers, inventors, capitalists — working largely through private initiative, and a parliamentary government that promoted commercial and industrial interests because those interests were represented in Parliament. France industrialised more gradually, with government support; eastern and southern Europe lagged through a combination of factors.
英国现成的煤与铁矿石供应,与独特有利的政治与社会气候相结合:经济制度与人力资本——工程师、发明家、资本家——主要通过私人主动性运作,以及一个推动商业与工业利益的议会制政府,因为这些利益在议会中有代表。法国更渐进地、伴有政府支持地实现工业化;东欧与南欧则因多种因素的结合而滞后。