Darwin, and a Misuse · 达尔文及其被误用
A scientific and material account
- Charles Darwin provided a scientific and material account of biological change and the development of human beings as a species.
- Material is doing specific work: the account requires no purpose and no designer.
- That is why it belongs to the objectivity pole of 7.1's tension — it explains without appealing to meaning.
一种科学的、物质性的解释
- 查尔斯·达尔文提供了一种关于生物变化以及人类作为一个物种之发展的科学的、物质性的解释。
- 物质性的在起特定的作用:这种解释不需要目的,也不需要设计者。
- 这正是它属于 7.1 那一张力中客观性一极的原因——它在解释时不诉诸意义。
'Material' in the CED's phrase means the account requires no... · CED短语中的“material（物质/内容）”意味着该论述不需要……
Which is why it belongs to the objectivity pole of 7.1's tension. · 这就是为什么它属于7.1张力中的客观性极点。
And, inadvertently, a justification
- ...and inadvertently, a justification for racialist theories that became known as Social Darwinism.
- Inadvertently is the CED's own word, and it separates the science from the use made of it.
- So the accurate sentence is that a scientific account was taken up to justify racial hierarchy, not that it entailed one.
以及,无意间,一种辩护
- ……以及,无意间,为后来被称为社会达尔文主义的种族主义理论提供了一种辩护。
- 无意间是 CED 自己的用词,它把科学与人们对它的使用区分开来。
- 因此准确的说法是:一种科学解释被拿去为种族等级辩护,而不是它蕴含了这种等级。
The CED says Darwin ____ provided a justification for racialist theories. · CED称达尔文____为种族主义理论提供了依据。
It separates the science from the use made of it. · 它将科学与对其的使用区分开来。
Why the misuse was available
- A vocabulary of struggle, fitness and survival transfers easily to societies if nobody checks whether the transfer is valid.
- It also arrived exactly when 7.6's imperial ventures needed a justification, and 7.2's chauvinism needed a language.
- So the misuse is not a random error; it met a demand.
这种误用为何可行
- 一套关于斗争、适存与生存的语汇,如果没有人检查这种转用是否成立,就很容易被移植到社会上。
- 而它恰恰在 7.6 的帝国事业需要辩护、7.2 的沙文主义需要一套语言时到来。
- 因此这种误用不是一个随机的错误;它满足了一种需求。
The science, the misuse, or the gap between? · 科学本身、误用还是二者之间的差距？
Sort each statement about Darwin's influence. · 对关于达尔文影响的每个陈述进行排序。
The accurate sentence is that the science was taken up to justify hierarchy, not that it entailed one. · 准确的表述是：该科学被用来证明等级制度的合理性，而非包含等级制度。
Description is not instruction. · 描述不等于指令。
'Inadvertently' is the CED's own word, and it does the crucial work. Darwin provided a scientific and material account and inadvertently a justification for racialist theories — so the accurate sentence is that the science was taken up to justify racial hierarchy, not that it entailed one.
"无意间"是 CED 自己的用词,它做的正是关键的工作。达尔文提供了一种科学的、物质性的解释,并无意间为种族主义理论提供了辩护——因此准确的说法是:这门科学被拿去为种族等级辩护,而不是它蕴含了这种等级。
The misuse spread partly because it... · 误用的传播部分是因为它……
Not a random error; it met a demand. · 并非随机错误；它满足了某种需求。
Keeping the two apart in an answer
- A strong response states the scientific claim, then states the social claim, then names the gap between them.
- The gap is that a description of how species change is not an instruction about how societies should be arranged.
- The CED has already done this work with one adverb; borrow it.
在答案中把两者分开
- 一份有力的回答会先陈述科学主张,再陈述社会主张,然后点出两者之间的落差。
- 这个落差在于:关于物种如何变化的描述,并不是关于社会应当如何安排的指令。
- CED 已经用一个副词做完了这项工作;借用它。
Put the parts of a strong answer in order. · 将强答案的各部分按顺序排列。
The CED has already done this work with one word. · CED已经用一个词完成了这项工作。
Scientific and social developments
- The objective is how Darwin's theories influenced scientific and social developments.
- Scientific: a material account of change that reshaped biology and the standing of scientific explanation.
- Social: Social Darwinism, which the CED marks as an inadvertent consequence and a racialist theory.
科学与社会的发展
- 这一目标是达尔文的理论如何影响了科学与社会的发展。
- 科学方面:一种关于变化的物质性解释,重塑了生物学以及科学解释的地位。
- 社会方面:社会达尔文主义,CED 把它标记为一个无意造成的后果,以及一种种族主义理论。
A description of how a population changes over time says nothing about which people should govern which. Getting from the first to the second requires an extra step that is never argued for, only assumed — and naming that missing step is the whole of the analysis.
一段关于一个种群如何随时间变化的描述,并没有说明哪些人应当统治哪些人。从前者走到后者需要一个额外的步骤,而这个步骤从未被论证过,只是被预设——点出这个缺失的步骤,就是整个分析。
Charles Darwin provided a scientific and material account of biological change and the development of human beings as a species, and inadvertently, a justification for racialist theories that became known as Social Darwinism. Material means the account needs no purpose or designer; inadvertently separates the science from the use made of it. The misuse met a demand — imperial ventures needing justification, chauvinism needing a language.
查尔斯·达尔文提供了一种关于生物变化以及人类作为一个物种之发展的科学的、物质性的解释,并无意间为后来被称为社会达尔文主义的种族主义理论提供了一种辩护。 物质性的意味着这种解释不需要目的或设计者;无意间把科学与人们对它的使用区分开来。这种误用满足了一种需求——帝国事业需要辩护,沙文主义需要一套语言。