Print, Publics and Private Life · 印刷、公众与私人生活
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion | 公共舆论 | gōng gòng yú lùn |
Public opinion is invented
- Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion 公共舆论.
- The CED says led to the development of — public opinion is a new thing, not a permanent feature of societies.
- It needs a literate public, a supply of print and a subject people disagree about; the eighteenth century supplied all three.
公共舆论被创造出来
- 尽管有审查,数量与种类日益增多的印刷品服务于一个不断壮大的识字公众,并带来了公共舆论(public opinion)的形成。
- CED 说的是带来了……的形成——公共舆论是一样新事物,不是各社会永恒具有的特征。
- 它需要一个识字公众、一份印刷品供给,以及一个人们意见相左的话题;十八世纪三者兼备。
The CED presents public opinion as something that... · CED将公众舆论呈现为一种……
It required a literate public, varied print and a contested subject. · 它需要识字公众、多样化的印刷品以及有争议的主题。
Europeans read about other peoples
- Natural sciences, literature and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and, on occasion, challenges to accepted social norms.
- The CED's word is representations — accounts written by Europeans, not the peoples described.
- And on occasion those accounts were used to question European norms, which is how travel writing becomes political argument.
欧洲人读到其他民族
- 自然科学、文学与大众文化,日益使欧洲人接触到关于欧洲以外民族的表征,并在某些场合接触到对既有社会规范的挑战。
- CED 用的词是表征——由欧洲人所写的记述,而不是被描述民族自己的记述。
- 而在某些场合,这些记述被用来质疑欧洲的规范,这正是旅行书写成为政治论证的方式。
The CED says public opinion developed ____ censorship. · CED称公众舆论的发展____审查制度。
A claim about volume defeating control. · 关于数量战胜控制的论断。
Art changed subject
- The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good.
- That is a change of patron as much as of taste: buyers with money and no throne want different pictures.
- 2.7's Baroque promoted stature; this art depicts a family in a room, or a civic virtue.
艺术更换了题材
- 艺术从对宗教题材与王权的颂扬,转向强调私人生活与公共福祉。
- 这既是趣味的变化,也同样是赞助人的变化:有钱而无王座的买主,想要不同的画。
- 2.7 的巴洛克是在提升地位;而这种艺术描绘的是房间里的一家人,或一种公民美德。
A new thing, a change of subject, or a continuity? · 新事物、主题变化还是连续性？
Sort each element of cultural and intellectual life. · 对文化和智力生活的每个要素进行分类。
The CED's word "representations" indicates that these accounts were... · CED使用的“representations”一词表明这些叙述是……
And on occasion they were used to question European norms. · 而且偶尔它们被用来质疑欧洲规范。
Public opinion is presented as something that developed, not as a permanent feature of societies. It required a literate public, a supply of varied print and a subject people disagreed about — and the CED notes it appeared despite censorship, which is a claim about volume defeating control.
公共舆论被呈现为某种形成起来的东西,而不是各社会永恒具有的特征。它需要一个识字公众、一份多样的印刷品供给,以及一个人们意见相左的话题——而 CED 指出它是在有审查的情况下出现的,这是一个关于印量击败控制的主张。
Select both · 两者 things the arts moved away from. · 选择两者艺术所远离的事物。
The last two are what it moved toward. · 后两者是它所走向的方向。
The consumer revolution at home
- The consumer revolution of the 18th century was shaped by a new concern for privacy, encouraged the purchase of new goods for homes, and created new venues for leisure activities.
- 3.4 gave the consumer revolution its global cause; here the CED gives its domestic shape.
- A new concern for privacy is the link to 4.4's rooms with doors — the demand and the architecture arrive together.
家中的消费革命
- 十八世纪的消费革命受到一种新的隐私关切的塑造,鼓励了为家庭购置新物品,并创造了新的休闲场所。
- 3.4 给出了消费革命的全球成因;而这里 CED 给出了它的国内形态。
- 一种新的隐私关切,正是与 4.4 中带门房间的连接点——需求与建筑是一同到来的。
The consumer revolution's domestic shape links to 4.4's rooms with doors. · 消费革命的国内形态与4.4中带有门的房间有关。
A new concern for privacy — the demand and the architecture arrive together. · 对隐私的新关注——需求和建筑同步出现。
Maintained and changed
- The objective is how European cultural and intellectual life was maintained and changed.
- Changed: public opinion appears, art changes subject, consumption and leisure acquire new venues.
- Maintained: censorship persists, hierarchies of status hold, and religion continues in private life.
被维持与被改变
- 这一目标是欧洲的文化与智识生活如何被维持与被改变。
- 被改变:公共舆论出现、艺术更换题材、消费与休闲获得了新场所。
- 被维持:审查依然存在、身份等级依然稳固,而宗教在私人生活中继续存在。
A censor can suppress a title and cannot suppress a topic once a dozen pamphlets have printed on it. What emerges is not one forbidden book but a conversation with participants who have never met — and the CED's phrase for that conversation is public opinion.
一位审查官可以查禁一个书名,却无法在十几本小册子都已印过某个话题之后查禁这个话题。由此浮现的不是一本禁书,而是一场参与者素未谋面的对话——而 CED 给这场对话的名称,正是"公共舆论"。
Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion. Natural sciences, literature and popular culture exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and sometimes to challenges to accepted norms. The arts moved from religious themes and royal power to private life and the public good. The consumer revolution was shaped by a new concern for privacy.
尽管有审查,数量与种类日益增多的印刷品服务于不断壮大的识字公众,并带来了公共舆论的形成。 自然科学、文学与大众文化使欧洲人接触到关于欧洲以外民族的表征,有时也接触到对既有规范的挑战。艺术从宗教题材与王权转向私人生活与公共福祉。 消费革命受到一种新的隐私关切的塑造。