Governments Respond · 政府作出回应
Liberalism changes what it asks the state to do
- Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialisation.
- The same ideology, opposite instruction: first that the state should stand back, then that it should act.
- In response to the challenges of industrialisation gives the reason, so this is adaptation, not inconsistency.
自由主义改变了它对国家的要求
- 自由主义为回应工业化的挑战,从自由放任转向干预主义的经济与社会政策。
- 同一种意识形态,相反的指令:先是国家应当退后,继而是国家应当行动。
- 为回应工业化的挑战给出了理由,因此这是适应,不是自相矛盾。
Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to... · 自由主义从自由放任转向……
In response to the challenges of industrialisation — adaptation, not inconsistency. · 为回应工业化的挑战——这是适应,不是自相矛盾。
Four kinds of urban reform
- Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernising infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces.
- Four measures, and they are different kinds of action: building, regulating, reforming, and creating a new institution.
- 6.4's overcrowding is the problem these answer, which makes the pair easy to write together.
四类城市改革
- 改革通过现代化基础设施、规范公共卫生、改革监狱与建立现代警察力量,改造了不健康且过度拥挤的城市。
- 四项举措,而它们是不同类型的行动:建设、规范、改造,以及创设一个新机构。
- 6.4 的过度拥挤正是这些举措所回应的问题,这使得两者容易一起书写。
Select all · 所有 four urban reforms the CED lists. · 选出 CED 所列的全部四项城市改革。
Building, regulating, reforming, and creating a new institution. · 建设、规范、改造,以及创设一个新机构。
Who moved the governments
- The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations.
- The CED names the pressure, which is 6.8 arriving at the statute book.
- Such forces as signals an open list — these are examples, not the complete set.
是谁推动了这些政府
- 这些改革由受公众舆论、知名人士与慈善组织等力量推动的政府所颁行。
- CED 点出了这种压力,那正是 6.8 抵达法典之时。
- ……等力量标示这是一份开放的清单——它们是例子,而不是完整的集合。
Watch liberalism change sides · 看自由主义换边
'Liberal' in 1830 and in 1900 recommend contradictory things — date the word. · 1830 年和 1900 年的"自由主义"主张互相矛盾——要给这个词标上年代。
Select all · 所有 three goals the CED gives for compulsory education. · 选出 CED 为义务教育给出的全部三项目标。
The CED is reporting the reformers' reasons. · CED 报告的是改革者的理由。
The CED gives compulsory education three goals, and none is the child's own good. Reformers promoted it to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth — the CED is reporting the reformers' reasons, and reading the list as given is more accurate than improving it.
CED 为义务教育给出了三项目标,其中没有一项是儿童自身的福祉。改革者推动它,是为了推进公共秩序、民族主义与经济增长这些目标——CED 报告的是改革者的理由,而照清单原样来读,比把它"改好"更准确。
'Such forces as public opinion...' signals an open list of motives. · "公众舆论……等力量"标示这是一份开放的动机清单。
Examples, not the complete set. · 这些是例子,不是完整的集合。
Education, for three stated goals
- Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
- Three goals, and none of them is stated as the good of the child — the CED is reporting the reformers' reasons.
- Nationalism in that list is worth noticing: schooling is a way of making a population into a nation.
教育,为了三项被写明的目标
- 改革者推动义务公共教育,以推进公共秩序、民族主义与经济增长这些目标。
- 三项目标,其中没有一项被表述为儿童的福祉——CED 报告的是改革者的理由。
- 清单中的民族主义值得注意:学校教育是把一群人口变成一个民族的方式。
Schooling is a way of making a population into a ____. · 学校教育是把一群人口变成一个 ____ 的方式。
Which is why nationalism appears among the goals. · 这正是民族主义出现在目标之列的原因。
Why governments responded at all
- The objective is how and why governments and other institutions responded to challenges resulting from industrialisation.
- How: intervention, infrastructure, regulation, policing, prisons and schools.
- Why: pressure from organised opinion, plus the state's own interest in order, nationhood and growth.
政府究竟为何作出回应
- 这一目标是政府与其他机构如何以及为何回应工业化所带来的挑战。
- 如何:干预、基础设施、监管、警务、监狱与学校。
- 为何:来自有组织舆论的压力,加上国家自身对秩序、民族国家与增长的利益。
A city builds sewers, licenses inspectors, rebuilds a prison and hires a police force in the same generation. Only the first is visible from the street. All four are answers to the same complaint, and all four leave a bureaucracy behind.
一座城市在同一代人的时间里修建下水道、给稽查员发执照、重建一座监狱并雇用一支警察力量。只有第一项从街上看得见。四项都是对同一种抱怨的回答,而四项都留下了一套官僚机构。
Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies in response to the challenges of industrialisation. Reforms modernised infrastructure, regulated public health, reformed prisons and established modern police forces, enacted by governments motivated by public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organisations; and compulsory public education was promoted to advance public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
自由主义为回应工业化的挑战,从自由放任转向干预主义的经济与社会政策。改革现代化了基础设施、规范了公共卫生、改革了监狱并建立了现代警察力量,由受公众舆论、知名人士与慈善组织推动的政府颁行;而义务公共教育的推动,是为了推进公共秩序、民族主义与经济增长。