Loyalty to the Nation · 对国家的忠诚
Five ways of encouraging loyalty
- Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement.
- The list runs from the benign to the dangerous, and the CED puts them in one sentence on purpose.
- So nationalism is not one thing with one moral valence — it is a set of methods that different movements used differently.
鼓励忠诚的五种方式
- 民族主义者以多种方式鼓励对民族的忠诚,包括浪漫的理想主义、自由主义改革、政治统一、伴随反犹主义的种族主义,以及为民族扩张辩护的沙文主义。
- 这份清单从良性走向危险,而 CED 有意把它们写在一句话里。
- 因此民族主义不是一件带有单一道德色彩的事物——它是一组方法,不同运动以不同方式使用它们。
Select all · 所有 the methods of encouraging national loyalty the CED lists. · 选择CED列出的所有鼓励民族忠诚的方法。
The list also includes racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism. · 该列表还包括种族主义及其伴随的反犹主义。
The dangerous end of the list
- Racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism is named as one of nationalism's methods, not as an aberration outside it.
- Concomitant means accompanying — the CED is stating that the two travelled together.
- Recording this accurately is part of the historical account; it is what the CED asks a student to know.
清单上危险的一端
- 伴随反犹主义的种族主义被点名为民族主义的方法之一,而不是它之外的一种反常。
- 伴随的(concomitant)意为随之而来——CED 是在陈述这两者一同出现。
- 准确地记录这一点是历史叙述的一部分;这正是 CED 要求学生知道的内容。
'Concomitant' in the CED's phrase means... · CED短语中的“concomitant（伴随的）”意为……
The CED is stating that the two travelled together. · CED表明这两者是结伴而行的。
Acculturation, and a response
- While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.
- The CED's structure is a contrast: acculturation on one side, and a response to growing anti-Semitism on the other.
- Zionism is classified here as a form of Jewish nationalism, which places it inside the same thread as the other national movements.
文化融入,以及一种回应
- 19 世纪西欧的犹太人在社会与政治上更加融入当地,而与此同时,作为犹太民族主义一种形式的犹太复国主义在世纪后期发展起来,作为对整个欧洲日益增长的反犹主义的回应。
- CED 的结构是一种对照:一边是文化融入,另一边是对日益增长的反犹主义的回应。
- 犹太复国主义在这里被归类为犹太民族主义的一种形式,这把它置于与其他民族运动同一条线索之内。
A method, a response, or a state strategy? · 一种方法、一种回应还是一种国家战略？
Sort each element of nineteenth-century nationalism. · 对十九世纪民族主义的每个要素进行分类。
The CED classifies Zionism as... · CED将锡安主义归类为……
Developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism. · 作为对日益增长的反犹主义的回应，在世纪末形成。
Nationalism is a set of methods, not one thing with one moral valence. The CED's own list runs from romantic idealism and liberal reform through political unification to racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement — all in one sentence, because different movements used different parts of it.
民族主义是一组方法,不是一件带有单一道德色彩的事物。CED 自己的清单从浪漫的理想主义与自由主义改革,经政治统一,一直到伴随反犹主义的种族主义与为民族扩张辩护的沙文主义——全都写在一句话里,因为不同的运动使用了其中不同的部分。
Select all · 所有 the conservative leaders the CED names as using popular nationalism. · 选择CED指名的所有利用大众民族主义的保守派领袖。
Robespierre belongs to 5.4, and was not a conservative. · 罗伯斯庇尔属于5.4单元，并非保守派。
Conservatives use nationalism
- A new generation of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state.
- This is the reversal that makes the century legible: a force 6.5 tried to contain becomes a tool for building states.
- Used is the verb — the CED is describing instrumental adoption, not conversion.
保守派利用民族主义
- 新一代保守派领导人,包括拿破仑三世、加富尔与俾斯麦,利用大众民族主义来创建或强化国家。
- 这正是使这个世纪变得可读的反转:6.5 试图遏制的一股力量,变成了建造国家的工具。
- 利用是那个动词——CED 描述的是工具性的采用,不是皈依。
The dual monarchy recognised the political power of the largest ethnic ____. · 二元君主制承认最大族裔____的政治权力。
An attempt to stabilise the state by reconfiguring national unity. · 通过重组民族统一来稳定国家的一种尝试。
Or reconfigure a state around it
- The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognised the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilise the state by reconfiguring national unity.
- An attempt again: the CED records the strategy without endorsing its success.
- It is the alternative to unification — where a state cannot be built on one nation, it bargains with the largest.
或者围绕它重构一个国家
- 奥匈二元君主国的创建承认了最大少数族群的政治权力,是通过重构民族统一来稳定国家的一次尝试。
- 又一次是一次尝试:CED 记录这一策略,却不为其成功背书。
- 这是统一之外的另一条路——当一个国家无法建立在单一民族之上时,它就与最大的那个民族讨价还价。
A minister who spent his career opposing popular movements discovers that one of them can be pointed at a rival state. He does not become a believer; he becomes a user. The CED's verb for this is used, and it is the most economical word available.
一位毕生反对民众运动的大臣发现,其中某一场运动可以被引向一个敌对国家。他并没有成为信徒;他成了使用者。CED 对此用的动词是"利用",而这是可用词语中最经济的一个。
Nationalists encouraged loyalty in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandisement. Zionism, a form of Jewish nationalism, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism, alongside increasing acculturation of western European Jews. Conservative leaders — Napoleon III, Cavour, Bismarck — used popular nationalism to create or strengthen the state, and Austria-Hungary's dual monarchy attempted stability by reconfiguring national unity.
民族主义者以多种方式鼓励忠诚,包括浪漫的理想主义、自由主义改革、政治统一、伴随反犹主义的种族主义,以及为民族扩张辩护的沙文主义。 作为犹太民族主义一种形式的犹太复国主义,在世纪后期作为对日益增长的反犹主义的回应而发展起来,与此同时西欧犹太人的文化融入不断加深。保守派领导人——拿破仑三世、加富尔、俾斯麦——利用大众民族主义来创建或强化国家,而奥匈二元君主国试图通过重构民族统一来求得稳定。