Households, Norms and Witchcraft · 家庭、规范与巫术指控
Hierarchy persisted
- Established hierarchies of class, religion and gender continued to define social status and perceptions in rural and urban settings.
- The CED's verb is continued — this subtopic's baseline is stability, not change.
- Rural and urban households worked as units, with men and women engaged in separate but complementary tasks.
等级持续存在
- 既有的阶级、宗教与性别等级,继续在乡村与城市环境中界定社会地位与观感。
- CED 用的动词是继续——本小节的基线是稳定,而不是变化。
- 乡村与城市的家户作为一个单元运作,男性与女性从事分工不同但互补的工作。
Select all · 所有 the features the CED says continued. · 选择CED所说的所有延续的特征。
Witchcraft accusations peaked — they did not continue at a level. · 巫术指控达到顶峰——并未保持在恒定水平。
But a debate opened
- The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about female education and women's roles in the family, church and society.
- The CED's word is debates, not changes — the argument was opened, and the outcome was not settled in this period.
- Both movements supplied the tools: humanist education and the claim that a believer should read scripture.
但一场争论开启了
- 文艺复兴与宗教改革引发了关于女性教育以及女性在家庭、教会与社会中角色的争论。
- CED 的用词是争论,而不是变化——论争被开启,而其结果在这一时期并未定案。
- 两场运动都提供了工具:人文主义教育,以及"信徒应当阅读经文"这一主张。
The CED says the Renaissance and Reformation raised... · CED称文艺复兴和宗教改革引发了……
The argument was opened; the outcome is not claimed. · 论点已被提出；未声称结果。
Cities took over moral regulation
- Social dislocation, coupled with the shifting authority of religious institutions during the Reformation, left city governments with the task of regulating public morals.
- The CED gives two causes: dislocation (1.10's migrants) and shifting religious authority (2.4's settlements).
- So the secular state's reach grew in an area nobody had planned to transfer to it.
城市接手了道德规制
- 社会失序,加上宗教改革期间宗教机构权威的移转,使城市政府承担起规制公共道德的任务。
- CED 给出了两个原因:失序(1.10 中的移民)与移转中的宗教权威(2.4 中的各项安排)。
- 因此世俗国家的触角,在一个谁也没打算转交给它的领域里增长了。
Continuity, an opened debate, or evidence of upheaval? · 延续、开启争论还是动荡的证据？
Sort each feature of society 1450-1648. · 对1450-1648年社会的每个特征进行分类。
Select both · 两者 causes the CED gives for city governments regulating morals. · 选择CED给出的城市政府规范道德的两个原因。
The secular state's reach grew where nobody planned to transfer it. · 世俗国家的管辖范围增长无人计划移交权力。
The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates, not settled changes. The CED's word records that an argument about female education and women's roles was opened in this period — its outcome is not claimed, and asserting a transformation states more than the sentence does.
**文艺复兴与宗教改革引发的是争论,而不是已定案的变化。**CED 的用词记录下:关于女性教育与女性角色的论争在这一时期被开启——它的结果并未被断言,而声称发生了一场转变,说的比这句话多。
Accusations of witchcraft peaked between 1580 and ____. · 巫术指控在1580年至____之间达到顶峰。
The range overlaps almost exactly with this unit's conflicts. · 该范围几乎与本单元冲突完全重叠。
Leisure and communal norms
- Leisure activities continued to be organised according to the religious calendar and the agricultural cycle, and remained communal in nature.
- Local and church authorities continued to enforce communal norms through rituals of public humiliation.
- Both sentences use continued — the texture of ordinary life is the unit's largest continuity.
闲暇与共同体规范
- 闲暇活动继续按宗教历法与农业周期来组织,并保持其共同体性质。
- 地方与教会当局继续通过公开羞辱的仪式来执行共同体规范。
- 两句话都用了继续——日常生活的质地,是本单元最大的延续。
Match each CED phrase to what it records. · 将每个CED短语与其记录的内容匹配。
The CED's verbs are the most reliable guide to what it is claiming. · CED的动词是其主张最可靠的指南。
Witchcraft accusations peaked
- Reflecting folk ideas and social and economic upheaval, accusations of witchcraft peaked between 1580 and 1650.
- The CED gives two causes and a date range, and the date range overlaps almost exactly with this unit's conflicts.
- So the peak is evidence about upheaval, and it belongs in an answer about social effects of religious and economic change.
巫术指控达到高峰
- 巫术指控在 1580 至 1650 年间达到高峰,这反映了民间观念以及社会与经济的动荡。
- CED 给出了两个原因与一个年份区间,而这个区间几乎与本单元的种种冲突完全重叠。
- 因此这一高峰是关于动荡的证据,它属于一份关于宗教与经济变化之社会影响的答案。
A reformer argues that every believer should read scripture. A reader asks whether that includes his daughters. The claim does not settle the question; it makes it a question — and the CED's word debates records exactly that state of affairs.
一位改革者主张每位信徒都应当阅读经文。一位读者便追问这是否包括他的女儿们。这一主张并没有解决这个问题;它把它变成了一个问题——而 CED 的"争论"一词,正是记录下了这种状态。
Established hierarchies of class, religion and gender continued, and households worked as units with separate but complementary tasks. The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about female education and women's roles. Social dislocation and shifting religious authority left city governments regulating public morals. Leisure and communal norms continued, and witchcraft accusations peaked between 1580 and 1650, reflecting folk ideas and upheaval.
既有的阶级、宗教与性别等级继续存在,而家户作为单元运作,男女分工不同却互补。文艺复兴与宗教改革引发了关于女性教育与女性角色的争论。 社会失序与宗教权威的移转,使城市政府承担起规制公共道德的任务。闲暇与共同体规范继续存在,而巫术指控在 1580 至 1650 年间达到高峰,反映了民间观念与动荡。