Print, Conscience and the State · 印刷、良知与国家
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Some Protestants, including Calvin and the Anabaptists, refused to recognise the subordination | 从属 | cóng shǔ |
Reformers used the press deliberately
- Protestant reformers used the printing press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred religious reform and helped it to become widely established.
- The CED's verb is used — this is a strategy, not a coincidence of timing.
- The press turned a local dispute into a European one before any authority could contain it.
改革者有意地使用印刷机
- 新教改革者利用印刷机传播其观念,这推动了宗教改革,并帮助它得以广泛确立。
- CED 用的动词是利用——这是一种策略,不是时机上的巧合。
- 在任何权威能够将其遏制之前,印刷机就把一场地方争端变成了一场欧洲争端。
The CED's verb for reformers and the press is... · CED对改革者和报刊使用的动词是……
This is a strategy, not a coincidence of timing. · 这是一种策略，而非时间上的巧合。
Some Protestants refused state control of the church
- Some Protestants, including Calvin and the Anabaptists, refused to recognise the subordination 从属 of the church to the secular state.
- So Protestantism did not simply hand church authority to princes — one strand refused that arrangement outright.
- That refusal is a second challenge to sovereignty, aimed at Protestant rulers as much as Catholic ones.
一些新教徒拒绝国家对教会的控制
- 一些新教徒,包括加尔文与再洗礼派,拒绝承认教会对世俗国家的从属(subordination)。
- 因此新教并不是简单地把教会权威交给诸侯——其中一支断然拒绝了这一安排。
- 这一拒绝构成对主权的第二重挑战,它既针对天主教统治者,也针对新教统治者。
Select both · 两者 parties the CED says refused church subordination to the state. · 选择CED所说的拒绝教会从属于国家的两方。
Henry and Elizabeth are 1.5's top-down reformers. · 亨利和伊丽莎白是1.5中自上而下的改革者。
Religion became a language of political challenge
- Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs' control of religious institutions.
- Once doctrine is contested, refusing a ruler's church is a way of refusing the ruler.
- So a religious dispute can carry a political demand that could not otherwise be stated openly.
宗教成为政治挑战的语言
- 宗教冲突成为挑战君主对宗教机构之控制的一个依据。
- 一旦教义可争,拒绝统治者的教会,就成了拒绝统治者的一种方式。
- 因此一场宗教争端,可以承载一项在别处无法公开陈述的政治诉求。
Which relationship to the state is this? · 这与国家的何种关系有关？
Sort each position on church and secular authority. · 对教会与世俗权威关系的每种立场进行排序。
Religious conflicts became a ____ for challenging monarchs' control of religious institutions. · 宗教冲突成为了挑战君主对宗教机构控制的____。
A religious dispute can carry a political demand. · 宗教争端可能带有政治诉求。
Protestantism did not simply hand church authority to princes. The CED records that Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to recognise the subordination of the church to the secular state — so an answer treating the Reformation as uniformly strengthening rulers has missed a whole strand of it.
新教并不是简单地把教会权威交给诸侯。CED 记录下加尔文与再洗礼派拒绝承认教会对世俗国家的从属——因此把宗教改革一概当作强化统治者的答案,漏掉了它整整一支。
Select all · 所有 three positions on church and state this lesson names. · 选择本课命名的关于教会与国家的所有三种立场。
An answer should name which position it means. · 答案应指明其所指的立场。
Three different relationships to the state
- A ruler's reformation (1.5) puts the church under the state.
- Calvin and the Anabaptists refuse that subordination.
- And a religious opposition uses doctrine to challenge the ruler's control altogether — three positions, and an answer should name which it means.
与国家的三种不同关系
- 统治者的宗教改革(1.5)把教会置于国家之下。
- 加尔文与再洗礼派拒绝这种从属。
- 而宗教上的反对派则用教义来彻底挑战统治者的控制——三种立场,而答案应当说明它指的是哪一种。
2.2 and 2.3 share the same objective. · 2.2和2.3具有相同的目标。
2.2 supplies the doctrine; 2.3 supplies the means and the political consequence. · 2.2提供教义；2.3提供手段及政治后果。
How and why, again
- This subtopic shares 2.2's objective — how and why religious belief and practices changed.
- 2.2 supplies the doctrine; 2.3 supplies the means and the political consequence.
- So a full answer to that objective needs both subtopics, which is why the CED gave them one objective.
再一次:如何与为何
- 本小节与 2.2 共用同一个目标——宗教信仰与实践如何以及为何发生变化。
- 2.2 提供教义;2.3 提供手段与政治后果。
- 因此对这一目标的完整回答需要两个小节,这正是 CED 给它们同一个目标的原因。
A pamphlet printed in one city is read in twenty within months. A bishop can burn the copies he finds and cannot reach the edition. The dispute is no longer local, and by the time an authority responds it is answering an argument the whole reading public already knows.
一本在某座城市印制的小册子,几个月内在二十座城市被读到。一位主教可以烧掉他找到的那些,却够不到整个版本。这场争端不再是地方性的,而当某个权威作出回应时,它所回应的是整个阅读公众早已知晓的一个论证。
Protestant reformers used the printing press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred reform and helped it become widely established. Some Protestants, including Calvin and the Anabaptists, refused to recognise the subordination of the church to the secular state. Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging monarchs' control of religious institutions. Three positions on church and state, and an answer should name which it means.
新教改革者利用印刷机传播其观念,这推动了改革并帮助它广泛确立。 一些新教徒,包括加尔文与再洗礼派,拒绝承认教会对世俗国家的从属。 **宗教冲突成为挑战君主对宗教机构之控制的依据。**关于教会与国家有三种立场,而答案应当说明它指的是哪一种。