Four Threads Begin · 四条线索开始
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The struggle for sovereignty/ðə ˈstrʌɡl fɔː ˈsɒvərɪnti/ | 主权 | zhǔ quán |
A change in how the world was viewed
- The rediscovery of works from ancient Greece and Rome and observation of the natural world changed many Europeans' view of their world.
- Two sources of change in one sentence: old texts and new observation.
- They are different methods, and the course will follow both — one into the Renaissance, one into the Scientific Revolution of unit 4.
看待世界方式的一次改变
- 对古希腊与古罗马著作的重新发现,以及对自然界的观察,改变了许多欧洲人看待自身世界的方式。
- 一句话里有两种变化之源:古老的文本与新的观察。
- 它们是不同的方法,而本课程会追随两者——一条通向文艺复兴,一条通向第四单元的科学革命。
Select both · 两者 sources of changed worldview the CED names. · 选择 两个 CED 命名的世界观改变来源。
One leads to the Renaissance, the other toward the Scientific Revolution. · 一个通向文艺复兴，另一个通向科学革命。
Europeans went overseas
- Europeans explored and settled overseas territories, encountering and interacting with indigenous populations.
- The CED's verbs are encountering and interacting — neutral words that leave the content of the encounter to be established by evidence.
- Subtopics 1.6 to 1.9 supply that content, and it is not uniform.
欧洲人走向海外
- 欧洲人探索并定居于海外领土,与原住民人口相遇并发生互动。
- CED 用的动词是相遇与互动——中性的词,把这场相遇的具体内容留给证据去确立。
- 1.6 至 1.9 各小节提供了这些内容,而它们并不一致。
The word notwithstanding in the capitalism sentence signals that... · 资本主义句子中的 notwithstanding 一词表明……
The period holds new and old at once. · 该时期同时容纳新事物与旧事物。
Capitalism, alongside older structures
- European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures.
- Notwithstanding is the CED's own hedge, and it is the most important word in the sentence.
- So this period holds new and old at once — a fact the exam rewards you for noticing.
资本主义,与更古老的结构并存
- 欧洲社会与日常生活体验日益受到商业资本主义与农业资本主义的塑造,尽管中世纪的社会与经济结构仍然存在。
- "尽管"是 CED 自己的限定语,而它是这句话里最重要的词。
- 因此这一时期同时容纳新与旧——而考试会因你注意到这一事实而给分。
Which of the four threads is this? · 这是四条线索中的哪一条？
Sort each development into the CED's opening statements. · 根据 CED 的开场陈述对每个发展进行分类。
The struggle for sovereignty ran ____ states as well as among them. · 主权之争贯穿于国家 ____ 以及国家之间。
Rulers against nobles, towns, church courts and estates. · 统治者对抗贵族、城镇、教会法庭和等级机构。
"Notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures" is part of the CED's sentence. Capitalism grew alongside manorial obligation, guild regulation and hereditary status, not in place of them — and an answer that describes a clean break contradicts the clause.
"尽管中世纪的社会与经济结构仍然存在"是 CED 那句话的一部分。资本主义是与庄园义务、行会规制与世袭身份并存着成长的,而不是取代了它们——描述一次干净决裂的答案,与这个分句相矛盾。
The CED says centralisation was complete across Europe. · CED 声称中央集权在欧洲各地已完成。
Its verdict is varying degrees — centralisation was uneven. · 其判决是 不同程度上——中央集权是不均匀的。
And a struggle over sovereignty
- The struggle for sovereignty 主权 within and among states resulted in varying degrees of political centralisation.
- Within: rulers against nobles, towns, church courts and estates. Among: states against each other.
- Varying degrees is the CED's honest verdict — centralisation was uneven, and unit 3 will explain why.
以及一场关于主权的斗争
- 国家内部与国家之间围绕主权(sovereignty)的斗争,导致了程度不一的政治集权。
- 内部:统治者对抗贵族、城镇、教会法庭与等级会议。之间:国家彼此对抗。
- 程度不一是 CED 诚实的判断——集权是不均衡的,而第三单元会解释原因。
A context answer names a condition and then says... · 背景答案需指出一个条件，然后说明……
The same skill as World History's 8.1. · 与世界历史 8.1 同样的技能。
Context, as a skill
- The objective is the context in which the Renaissance and Age of Discovery developed.
- Four threads — ideas, exploration, capitalism, sovereignty — start here and run to 1648.
- So a context answer names a condition and says what it made possible, exactly as in World History's 8.1.
作为技能的语境
- 这一目标是文艺复兴与大航海时代得以发展的语境。
- 四条线索——观念、探索、资本主义、主权——从这里开始,一直延伸到 1648 年。
- 因此一份语境答案要点出一项条件,并说出它使什么成为可能,与《世界史》8.1 完全一致。
A Florentine banker lends at interest across three countries and owns land worked under obligations that would have been recognisable two centuries earlier. Both facts are true of the same man in the same year, which is exactly what notwithstanding records.
一位佛罗伦萨的银行家跨三个国家放贷生息,同时拥有依两百年前也能辨认之义务耕作的土地。这两个事实在同一年、同一个人身上都为真,而这正是"尽管"一词所记录下来的。
Four threads open the course: rediscovered classical works and observation of the natural world changed Europeans' view of their world; Europeans explored and settled overseas, encountering and interacting with indigenous populations; commercial and agricultural capitalism increasingly shaped life, notwithstanding continued medieval structures; and the struggle for sovereignty produced varying degrees of political centralisation.
四条线索开启本课程:被重新发现的古典著作与对自然界的观察,改变了欧洲人看待世界的方式;欧洲人探索并定居海外,与原住民相遇并互动;商业与农业资本主义日益塑造生活,尽管中世纪结构仍然存在;以及围绕主权的斗争带来了程度不一的政治集权。