Certainty Comes Apart · 确定性的瓦解
The belief in progress was already cracking
- The widely held belief in progress characteristic of much of 19th-century thought began to break down before World War I.
- Before is the key word — the war accelerated a breakdown that was already under way, as 7.5 recorded.
- So dating the loss of confidence to 1914 is a mistake the CED explicitly forecloses.
对进步的信念早已出现裂缝
- 19 世纪思想中广为持有的、颇具代表性的进步信念,在第一次世界大战之前就开始瓦解。
- 之前是关键词——战争加速了一场已经在进行的瓦解,正如 7.5 所记录的。
- 因此把信心的失落定在 1914 年,是 CED 明确排除的一个错误。
The belief in progress began to break down... · 进步信念开始动摇...
The war accelerated a breakdown already under way. · 战争加速了既有的瓦解进程。
Confidence and uncertainty at once
- When World War I began, Europeans were generally confident in the ability of science and technology to address human needs and problems despite the uncertainty created by the new scientific theories and psychology.
- Despite is the hinge: public confidence and specialist uncertainty coexisted.
- That is a more interesting claim than either alone, and it is exactly what 8.1's third thread predicts.
信心与不确定同时并存
- 第一次世界大战开始时,欧洲人总体上对科学与技术解决人类需求与问题的能力抱有信心,尽管新的科学理论与心理学造成了不确定。
- 尽管是那个铰链:公众的信心与专家的不确定同时并存。
- 这比其中任何一项单独出现都更有意思,而这恰恰是 8.1 第三条线索所预示的。
Public confidence in science and specialist uncertainty coexisted in 1914. · 1914年，公众对科学的信心与专家的困惑并存。
'Despite' is the hinge of the CED's sentence. · “尽管”是CED句子的逻辑枢纽。
Physics opens a door, twice
- The challenge to the certainties of the Newtonian universe in physics opened the door to uncertainty in other fields by undermining faith in objective knowledge while also providing the knowledge necessary for the development of nuclear weapons and power.
- One development, two consequences: a philosophical one and a material one, and the CED puts them in one sentence.
- While also refuses to separate the intellectual history from the weapon.
物理学两次打开了门
- 物理学中对牛顿式宇宙确定性的挑战,通过动摇对客观知识的信念,为其他领域的不确定打开了大门,同时也提供了发展核武器与核动力所必需的知识。
- 一项发展,两种后果:一种是哲学的,一种是物质的,而 CED 把它们写在一句话里。
- 同时也拒绝把思想史与那件武器分开。
Before the war, from physics, or from the war itself? · 战前源于物理学，还是源于战争本身？
Sort each challenge to existing understandings. · 对既有认知的每项挑战进行分类。
Select both · 两者 consequences of the challenge to Newtonian certainties. · 选择牛顿力学确定性受到挑战后的两个后果。
A philosophical consequence and a material one, in one sentence. · 一句中包含哲学后果与物质后果。
Do not date the loss of confidence to 1914. The CED says the belief in progress began to break down before World War I, and that Europeans were generally confident... despite the uncertainty created by the new scientific theories and psychology — public confidence and specialist doubt coexisted.
不要把信心的失落定在 1914 年。CED 说进步信念在第一次世界大战之前就开始瓦解,而且欧洲人总体上抱有信心……尽管新的科学理论与心理学造成了不确定——公众的信心与专家的怀疑同时并存。
Select all · 所有 the effects the CED gives World War I in this subtopic. · 选择CED在本子主题中赋予第一次世界大战的所有影响。
The CED holds cynicism and democratisation together. · CED将犬儒主义与民主化并置。
A lost generation, and a change for women
- World War I created a "lost generation" and fostered disillusionment and cynicism, while it transformed the lives of women, and democratised societies.
- During the world wars, women became increasingly involved in military and political mobilisation, as well as in economic production.
- The same war produced cynicism and democratisation — the CED holds both without resolving the tension.
迷惘的一代,以及女性处境的改变
- 第一次世界大战造就了"迷惘的一代",滋生了幻灭与犬儒,同时改变了女性的生活,并使社会民主化。
- 在两次世界大战期间,女性日益参与军事与政治动员,以及经济生产。
- 同一场战争既产生了犬儒也带来了民主化——CED 同时容纳两者,而不解决其间的张力。
During the world wars, women became increasingly involved in military and political mobilisation, and in economic . · 在世界大战期间，女性日益参与军事和政治动员，以及经济。
A change the CED records in its own bullet. · CED在其自身要点中记录的一项变化。
Challenged understandings
- The objective is how the events of the first half of the 20th century challenged existing social, cultural, and intellectual understandings.
- Social: class hierarchies undermined, women's roles transformed, societies democratised.
- Intellectual: progress doubted before the war, Newtonian certainty challenged, objective knowledge in question.
被挑战的种种理解
- 这一目标是20 世纪上半叶的种种事件如何挑战了既有的社会、文化与思想理解。
- 社会方面:阶级等级被动摇、女性角色被改变、社会走向民主化。
- 思想方面:进步在战前就被怀疑、牛顿式的确定性受到挑战、客观知识受到质疑。
A society can hold two beliefs at once: that its instruments will solve its problems, and that its best thinkers no longer agree on what an instrument measures. The first belief survives in public until an event tests it. Then both are visible at the same time.
一个社会可以同时持有两种信念:它的工具将解决它的问题,以及它最好的思想家们已不再就工具究竟测量什么达成一致。前一种信念在公众之中存续,直到某一事件对它构成考验。届时两者会同时显现。
The widely held belief in progress began to break down before World War I, and Europeans were generally confident in science and technology despite the uncertainty created by new scientific theories and psychology. The challenge to the certainties of the Newtonian universe opened the door to uncertainty in other fields by undermining faith in objective knowledge while also providing the knowledge necessary for nuclear weapons and power. The war created a "lost generation", fostered disillusionment and cynicism, transformed the lives of women, and democratised societies.
广为持有的进步信念在第一次世界大战之前就开始瓦解,而欧洲人总体上对科学与技术抱有信心,尽管新的科学理论与心理学造成了不确定。对牛顿式宇宙确定性的挑战,通过动摇对客观知识的信念,为其他领域的不确定打开了大门,同时也提供了核武器与核动力所必需的知识。这场战争造就了"迷惘的一代",滋生了幻灭与犬儒,改变了女性的生活,并使社会民主化。