The Italian Renaissance · 意大利文艺复兴
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Italian Renaissance humanists/ɪˈtælɪən rɪˈneɪsəns ˈhjuːmənɪsts/ | 人文主义者 | rén wén zhǔ yì zhě |
| including Petrarch, promoted a revival in classical literature and created new philological | 语文学的 | yǔ wén xué de |
| and individualism/ænd ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuːəlɪzəm/ | 个人主义 | gè rén zhǔ yì |
| Some Renaissance humanists furthered the values of secularism | 世俗主义 | shì sú zhǔ yì |
| Admiration for Greek and Roman political institutions supported a revival of civic humanist | 公民人文主义 | gōng mín rén wén zhǔ yì |
| In the Italian Renaissance, rulers and popes concerned with enhancing their prestige commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles, the developing "naturalism" in the artistic world, and often the newly invented technique of geometric perspective | 几何透视 | jǐ hé tòu shì |
Reading old texts in a new way
- Italian Renaissance humanists 人文主义者, including Petrarch, promoted a revival in classical literature and created new philological 语文学的 approaches to ancient texts.
- Philology is the study of a text's language and history — dating it, comparing manuscripts, catching later additions.
- That method is the Renaissance's most durable invention, because it can be turned on any text, including sacred ones.
以新的方式读旧文本
- 意大利文艺复兴的人文主义者(humanists),语文学(philological)方法。
- 语文学是研究一个文本的语言与历史——为它断代、比对抄本、找出后人的添加。
- 这一方法是文艺复兴最持久的发明,因为它可以被用在任何文本上,包括神圣文本。
Philology is the study of... · 语文学研究的是……
It can be turned on any text, including sacred ones. · 它可以应用于 任何 文本，包括神圣文本。
Secularism and individualism
- Some Renaissance humanists furthered the values of secularism 世俗主义 and individualism 个人主义.
- Some is the CED's qualifier — humanism was not uniformly secular, and many humanists were devout.
- Secularism here means treating worldly life as a proper subject, not rejecting religion.
世俗主义与个人主义
- 一些文艺复兴人文主义者推进了世俗主义(secularism)与个人主义(individualism)的价值。
- "一些"是 CED 的限定语——人文主义并非一律世俗,许多人文主义者都很虔诚。
- 这里的世俗主义意味着把世俗生活当作一个正当的题材,而不是拒斥宗教。
Select both · 两者 institutions the CED says the humanist revival challenged. · 选择 两个 CED 指出人文主义复兴挑战的机构。
Whoever controls the curriculum controls who is qualified to speak. · 谁控制课程，谁就控制了谁有资格发言。
Printing spread the challenge
- Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts, spread by the printing press, challenged the institutional power of universities and the Catholic Church.
- This shifted education away from a primary focus on theological writings toward classical texts and new methods of scientific inquiry.
- So the challenge is institutional as well as intellectual: whoever controls the curriculum controls who is qualified to speak.
印刷术传播了这一挑战
- 人文主义者对希腊与罗马文本的复兴,经由印刷机传播,挑战了大学与天主教会的制度性权力。
- 这使教育的重心从以神学著作为主,转向古典文本与新的科学探究方法。
- 因此这一挑战既是制度性的,也是智识性的:谁掌控课程,谁就掌控谁有资格发言。
Method, political programme, or patronage? · 方法、政治纲领还是赞助？
Sort each element of the Italian Renaissance. · 对意大利文艺复兴的每个元素进行分类。
All Renaissance humanists were secular. · 所有文艺复兴时期的人文主义者都是世俗的。
The CED writes some, and Christian humanism is the same method applied to reform. · CED 写道 一些，基督教人文主义是将同一种方法应用于改革。
Humanism was not uniformly secular. The CED writes that some Renaissance humanists furthered secularism and individualism — many were devout, and Christian humanism in 1.3 is the same method applied to religious reform.
人文主义并非一律世俗。CED 写的是一些文艺复兴人文主义者推进了世俗主义与个人主义——许多人非常虔诚,而 1.3 中的基督教人文主义,正是同一方法被用于宗教改革。
____ humanism holds that an educated person owes active service to their city. · ____ 人文主义认为受过教育的人应对城市提供积极服务。
Italy's independent city-states were where it could be practised. · 意大利独立的城邦是其得以实践的场所。
Civic humanism
- Admiration for Greek and Roman political institutions supported a revival of civic humanist 公民人文主义 culture in the Italian city-states and produced secular models for individual and political behaviour.
- Civic humanism holds that an educated person owes active service to their city, not withdrawal from it.
- So the classical revival had a political programme, and Italy's independent city-states were where it could be practised.
公民人文主义
- 对希腊与罗马政治制度的推崇,支撑了意大利城邦中公民人文主义(civic humanist)文化的复兴,并产生了关于个人行为与政治行为的世俗典范。
- 公民人文主义主张,受过教育的人应当积极服务于自己的城市,而不是从中退隐。
- 因此古典复兴带有一套政治纲领,而意大利那些独立的城邦,正是它得以实践之处。
The CED gives which motive for artistic commissions? · CED 给出了艺术委托的哪个动机？
The motive comes before the style in the CED's sentence. · 在 CED 的句子中，动机先于风格。
Art as prestige
- In the Italian Renaissance, rulers and popes concerned with enhancing their prestige commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles, the developing "naturalism" in the artistic world, and often the newly invented technique of geometric perspective 几何透视.
- The CED gives the motive before the style: prestige is why the money was spent.
- Geometric perspective is a mathematical technique, which is why art belongs beside the new methods of inquiry rather than apart from them.
作为声望的艺术
- 在意大利文艺复兴中,力图提升自身声望的统治者与教皇,委托创作了以古典风格、艺术界正在发展的"自然主义",以及往往还有新发明的几何透视(geometric perspective)技法为基础的绘画与建筑作品。
- CED 把动机放在风格之前:声望正是这些钱被花掉的原因。
- 几何透视是一种数学技法,这正是艺术应当与新的探究方法并列、而不是与之分开的原因。
Philology dates a document by its Latin: certain words did not exist when the text claims to have been written. The method was developed to edit classical poetry, and it can be pointed at any document at all — which is why a technique for reading Cicero eventually mattered to the Church.
语文学通过拉丁文为一份文件断代:某些词在该文本自称写成之时并不存在。这一方法本是为校订古典诗歌而发展出来的,却可以被指向任何一份文件——这正是一项阅读西塞罗的技法,最终会对教会产生影响的原因。
Italian humanists, including Petrarch, revived classical literature and created new philological approaches; some furthered secularism and individualism. The printing press spread the revival, which challenged the institutional power of universities and the Catholic Church and shifted education toward classical texts and new methods of scientific inquiry. Civic humanism produced secular political models, and rulers and popes commissioned art to enhance prestige.
意大利人文主义者(包括彼特拉克)复兴了古典文学,并创造了新的语文学方法;一些人推进了世俗主义与个人主义。印刷机传播了这场复兴,它挑战了大学与天主教会的制度性权力,并把教育重心转向古典文本与新的科学探究方法。公民人文主义产生了世俗的政治典范,而统治者与教皇为提升声望而委托创作艺术。