Identity Under Totalitarian Rule · 极权统治下的身份认同
What the CED states
- Fuelled by racism and anti-Semitism, Nazi Germany — with the cooperation of some of the other Axis powers and collaborationist governments — sought to establish a "new racial order" in Europe, which culminated with the Holocaust.
- Every clause is doing work: the motive (racism and anti-Semitism), the actors (Nazi Germany, some other Axis powers, collaborationist governments), the project, and the outcome.
- Reporting this sentence accurately, in the CED's own terms, is the whole task of the subtopic.
CED 所陈述的内容
- 在种族主义与反犹主义的驱动下,纳粹德国——在其他一些轴心国与合作政府的配合下——寻求在欧洲建立一种"新的种族秩序",其顶点是大屠杀。
- 每一个从句都在起作用:动机(种族主义与反犹主义)、行动者(纳粹德国、一些其他轴心国、合作政府)、这一图谋,以及结局。
- 以 CED 自己的措辞准确地报告这句话,就是本小节的全部任务。
Select both · 两者 things the CED says fuelled the "new racial order". · 选择CED所述推动“新种族秩序”的两个因素。
The motive clause of a sentence in which every clause does work. · 一个句子中每个分句都起作用的从句结构。
'Some' and 'collaborationist' are precise
- Some of the other Axis powers — not all, and the CED declines to generalise.
- Collaborationist governments names a distinct category: administrations that cooperated without being German.
- Accuracy about who did what is not a softening of the account; it is what makes the account true.
"一些"与"合作的"很精确
- 其他一些轴心国——不是全部,而 CED 拒绝作一概而论。
- 合作政府点出了一个独立的类别:并非德国、却与之配合的行政当局。
- 在谁做了什么这一点上保持准确,并不是对这段叙述的软化;这正是使这段叙述为真的东西。
The CED says the project had the cooperation of... · CED称该项目获得了...的合作
'Some' is precise, and the CED declines to generalise. · “部分”表述精确，且CED未作泛化。
The war's demographic effects
- World War II decimated a generation of Russian and German men; virtually destroyed European Jewry; resulted in the murder of millions in other groups targeted by the Nazis including Roma, homosexuals, people with disabilities, and others; forced large-scale migrations; and undermined prewar class hierarchies.
- Five consequences in one sentence, and the CED names the targeted groups explicitly rather than summarising them.
- Virtually destroyed European Jewry is its plainest statement of scale, and it should be quoted, not paraphrased away.
这场战争的人口效应
- 第二次世界大战使一代俄国与德国男性大量丧生;几乎摧毁了欧洲犹太人群体;导致纳粹所针对的其他群体——包括罗姆人、同性恋者、残疾人及其他人——数以百万计地被杀害;迫使大规模的迁徙;并动摇了战前的阶级等级。
- 一句话里有五项后果,而 CED 明确点出了被针对的群体,而不是把它们概括过去。
- 几乎摧毁了欧洲犹太人群体是它对规模最直白的陈述,应当被引用,而不是被改写掉。
The motive, the actors, or the consequences? · 动机、行为者，还是后果？
Sort each element of the CED's account. · 对CED叙述中的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the targeted groups the CED names explicitly. · 选择CED明确点名的所有 targeted groups（受针对群体）。
The CED names them rather than summarising them. · CED列举了他们而非概括他们。
The CED's qualifiers are precise, and precision is the point. It says some of the other Axis powers, and it names collaborationist governments as a distinct category — being exact about who did what is not a softening of the account; it is what makes the account true.
CED 的限定词是精确的,而精确正是关键。它说的是其他一些轴心国,并把合作政府点为一个独立的类别——在谁做了什么这一点上保持准确,不是对这段叙述的软化;这正是使这段叙述为真的东西。
Select all · 所有 the demographic effects the CED lists for the war. · 选择CED列出的战争所有人口影响。
Five consequences in one sentence. · 一句话中包含五项后果。
Identity is what the subtopic is about
- The objective asks how cultural and national identities were affected by war and the rise of fascist/totalitarian powers.
- A regime that defines belonging by race changes what national identity means for everyone inside its reach.
- And the CED's demographic list records the result: populations removed, migrations forced, hierarchies undone.
本小节所关乎的是身份认同
- 这一目标追问文化与民族身份认同如何受到战争以及法西斯/极权强权崛起的影响。
- 一个按种族来界定归属的政权,改变了它所及范围内每一个人对民族身份认同的理解。
- 而 CED 的人口清单记录了结果:人群被消灭、迁徙被迫发生、等级被瓦解。
The objective's period runs from 1914 to the . · 目标的时段从1914年延续至。
So the identities affected include those formed afterwards. · 因此受影响的身份包括之后形成的那些。
Writing this subtopic
- Stay with the CED's own words: they are exact, and exactness is the respect the subject requires.
- Name the motive, the actors, the project, the outcome, and then the demographic consequences the CED lists.
- The period runs from 1914 to the present, so the identities affected include those formed afterwards.
书写本小节
- 紧贴 CED 自己的措辞:它们是精确的,而精确正是这一主题所要求的尊重。
- 点出动机、行动者、图谋、结局,然后是 CED 所列的那些人口后果。
- 这一时期从 1914 年延续至今,因此受到影响的身份认同也包括此后形成的那些。
A regime that makes belonging a matter of ancestry has told everyone within its reach that identity is no longer something one can hold, argue for, or change. The CED records what followed from that in a single sentence with five clauses, and none of the five is dispensable.
一个把归属变成血统问题的政权,已经告诉它所及范围内的每一个人:身份不再是一个人可以持有、可以为之申辩、可以改变的东西。CED 用一句包含五个从句的话记录了随之而来的一切,而这五个从句没有一个是可以省去的。
Fuelled by racism and anti-Semitism, Nazi Germany — with the cooperation of some of the other Axis powers and collaborationist governments — sought to establish a "new racial order" in Europe, which culminated with the Holocaust. World War II decimated a generation of Russian and German men; virtually destroyed European Jewry; resulted in the murder of millions in other groups targeted by the Nazis including Roma, homosexuals, people with disabilities, and others; forced large-scale migrations; and undermined prewar class hierarchies.
在种族主义与反犹主义的驱动下,纳粹德国——在其他一些轴心国与合作政府的配合下——寻求在欧洲建立一种"新的种族秩序",其顶点是大屠杀。 第二次世界大战使一代俄国与德国男性大量丧生;几乎摧毁了欧洲犹太人群体;导致纳粹所针对的其他群体——包括罗姆人、同性恋者、残疾人及其他人——数以百万计地被杀害;迫使大规模的迁徙;并动摇了战前的阶级等级。