Stability, Weighed · 稳定性，权衡
The three threads, measured
- European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
- A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers.
- European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
被测量的三条线索
- 欧洲各国在一个民族主义与革命的时代里,艰难地维持国际稳定。
- 多种动机与方法导致了欧洲全球控制的强化,以及列强之间紧张关系的加剧。
- 欧洲的思想与文化表达了一种张力:一方面是客观性与科学现实主义,另一方面是主观性与个人表达。
The accurate verdict on nationalism is that it... · 关于民族主义的准确结论是它...
The same force did both. · 同一股力量同时做了这两件事。
Nationalism: both a builder and a solvent
- It built states — Italy, Germany, and a dual monarchy reconfigured around the largest minority.
- It also dissolved them, or threatened to: nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises.
- So the honest verdict is that the same force did both, and which it did depended on whose state it was.
民族主义:既是建造者也是溶剂
- 它建造了国家——意大利、德意志,以及一个围绕最大少数族群重构的二元君主国。
- 它也在瓦解国家,或者威胁着这样做:巴尔干的民族主义紧张局势把列强拖入了一系列危机。
- 因此诚实的判断是:同一股力量做了这两件事,而它做的是哪一件,取决于那是谁的国家。
Select both · 两者 effects of imperialism on stability the CED supports. · 选择CED支持的帝国主义对稳定性的两个影响。
The same ventures relieved one pressure and built another. · 同样的冒险缓解了一种压力并制造了另一种压力。
Imperialism: stability exported, instability imported
- Empire gave the powers markets, prestige and a place to compete that was not Europe.
- But the CED links intensified control directly to increased tensions among the Great Powers, and 7.7 records the resistance it created.
- So the same ventures relieved one pressure and built another.
帝国主义:输出稳定,输入不稳定
- 帝国给了列强市场、威望,以及一个不在欧洲的竞技场。
- 但 CED 把强化的控制直接与列强之间紧张关系的加剧联系起来,而 7.7 记录了它所造就的抵抗。
- 因此同样的事业既缓解了一种压力,也构筑了另一种压力。
Stabilising, destabilising, or neither? · 稳定、不稳定还是两者皆非？
Sort each development by its effect on stability. · 根据其对抗稳定性的影响对每个发展进行分类。
The cultural thread supplied no shared standard by which the political disputes could be settled. · 文化主题线未提供解决政治争端的共同标准。
Positivism's claim collapsed into a loss of confidence in objectivity. · 实证主义的宣称崩溃为对客观性的信心丧失。
The same force built states and threatened them. Nationalism made Italy and Germany and reconfigured Austria-Hungary, and nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises — which it did depended on whose state was in question, and saying so is the accurate verdict, not a hedge.
同一股力量既建造国家也威胁国家。民族主义造就了意大利与德意志并重构了奥匈,而巴尔干的民族主义紧张局势把列强拖入了一系列危机——它做的是哪一件,取决于所涉及的是谁的国家,而如实说出这一点是准确的判断,不是骑墙。
The CED's verb, ____, has already told you the direction of the verdict. · CED的动词____已经告诉了你结论的方向。
It concedes the outcome in advance. · 它提前承认了结果。
Ideas: no settled ground to argue from
- Positivism claimed science alone gives knowledge; by 1914 confidence in objectivity itself had been lost.
- Darwin's material account was taken up inadvertently as a justification for racial hierarchy.
- So the cultural thread supplied no shared standard by which the political disputes could have been settled.
观念:没有可供争论的稳固地面
- 实证主义宣称唯有科学提供知识;而到 1914 年,对客观性本身的信心已经失落。
- 达尔文的物质性解释被无意间拿去为种族等级辩护。
- 因此文化这条线索,并没有提供一个可以据以解决那些政治争端的共同标准。
The strongest answers give each movement... · 最强的答案应给每个运动...
By 1914, and the CED's verb points the way. · 到1914年，且CED的动词指明了方向。
Influence on European and global stability
- The objective is the influence of nationalist and imperialist movements on European and global stability.
- The strongest answers give each movement a positive and a negative effect on stability and then say which dominated by 1914.
- The CED's own verb — struggled — has already told you the direction of that verdict.
对欧洲与全球稳定的影响
- 这一目标是民族主义与帝国主义运动对欧洲与全球稳定的影响。
- 最有力的答案会为每一场运动给出一项对稳定的正面效应与一项负面效应,然后说明到 1914 年哪一种占了上风。
- CED 自己的动词——艰难地维持——已经告诉了你这一判断的方向。
A principle that says a people should govern itself is a foundation stone where a people already dominates a territory, and a demolition charge where several peoples share one. Nothing about the principle changes between the two cases.
一条说民族应当自我治理的原则,在某个民族已经主导一片领土的地方是一块奠基石,而在几个民族共处一地的地方则是一包炸药。在这两种情形之间,这条原则本身没有任何改变。
By 1914 states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions: nationalism built Italy, Germany and the dual monarchy and drew the powers into Balkan crises; imperialism relieved rivalry by exporting it while increasing tensions among the Great Powers and creating resistance abroad; and the cultural thread — positivism, then the loss of confidence in objectivity — supplied no shared standard by which the disputes could be settled.
到 1914 年,各国在民族主义与革命的时代里艰难地维持国际稳定:民族主义建造了意大利、德意志与二元君主国,同时把列强拖入巴尔干危机;帝国主义通过把对抗输出而缓解了它,同时却加剧了列强之间的紧张关系并在海外造就了抵抗;而文化这条线索——实证主义,继而是对客观性的信心的失落——并未提供一个可以据以解决这些争端的共同标准。