Napoleon, and the Answer to Him · 拿破仑,以及对他的回应
Reform behind a façade
- As first consul and emperor, Napoleon undertook a number of enduring domestic reforms while often curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions.
- The CED's sentence holds three things at once: enduring reforms, curtailed rights, and a façade of representation.
- So an answer that gives only the reforms, or only the repression, has taken half the sentence.
立面之后的改革
- 作为第一执政与皇帝,拿破仑推行了若干持久的国内改革,同时常常限缩某些权利,并在代议机构的立面之后操纵民众冲动。
- CED 这句话同时容纳三样东西:持久的改革、被限缩的权利,以及代议制的立面。
- 因此只给出改革或只给出压制的答案,都只取了这句话的一半。
Select all · 所有 three things the CED's sentence holds at once. · 选出 CED 这句话同时容纳的全部三样东西。
An answer giving only the reforms has taken half the sentence. · 只给出改革的答案,只取了这句话的一半。
Why 'enduring' is the operative word
- A reform is enduring when it survives the regime that made it — a legal code, an administrative structure, a currency.
- That is a different claim from popular or just: the CED is measuring durability, not approval.
- So the reforms and the curtailed rights are not in tension; they are two accurate measurements of one regime.
为何"持久"是关键词
- 一项改革之所以持久,是因为它比造就它的政权活得更久——一部法典、一个行政结构、一种货币。
- 这与受欢迎或正义是不同的主张:CED 衡量的是持久性,不是认可度。
- 因此改革与被限缩的权利并不矛盾;它们是对同一个政权的两项准确测量。
'Enduring' measures... · "持久"衡量的是……
A different claim from popular or · 或 just. · 这与"受欢迎"或"正义"是不同的主张。
New tactics, continental control
- Napoleon's new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe.
- Note direct or indirect: annexation, satellite kingdoms and forced alliances are all forms of control.
- And note the object of the spreading: the ideals of the French Revolution, carried by an emperor's armies.
新战术,大陆控制
- 拿破仑的新军事战术使他得以对欧洲大陆的大部分地区施加直接或间接的控制,并把法国大革命的理想传播到整个欧洲。
- 注意直接或间接:兼并、卫星王国与被迫结成的同盟,都是控制的形式。
- 也要注意所传播之物的对象:法国大革命的理想,由一位皇帝的军队所携带。
Hold Napoleon's three effects together · 把拿破仑的三种效应放在一起
The reforms, the curtailment and the backlash are simultaneous, which is what makes an evaluation possible. · 改革、权利的收缩与反弹是同时发生的,这正是能够作出评价的前提。
The CED says Napoleon exerted direct or ____ control over much of the continent. · CED 说拿破仑对大陆的大部分地区施加了直接或 ____ 的控制。
Annexation, satellite kingdoms and forced alliances are all forms of control. · 兼并、卫星王国与被迫结成的同盟,都是控制的形式。
Enduring reforms and curtailed rights are not in tension. The CED measures durability, not approval — a legal code can outlive its author while the regime that issued it manipulates popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions. Both halves of the sentence are true at once.
持久的改革与被限缩的权利并不矛盾。CED 衡量的是持久性,不是认可度——一部法典可以比它的作者活得更久,而颁布它的政权同时在代议机构的立面之后操纵民众冲动。这句话的两半同时为真。
The CED's verb for nationalist responses is... · CED 用来描述民族主义回应的动词是……
The response is a product of the empire, not something pre-existing. · 这种回应是帝国的产物,而非在它之前就已存在之物。
The nationalist response
- Napoleon's expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe.
- The CED's verb is created: the response is a product of the empire, not something that pre-existed it.
- Being governed by a foreigner in the name of universal principles teaches a people to notice that it is a people.
民族主义的回应
- 拿破仑不断扩张的帝国,在整个欧洲催生了民族主义的回应。
- CED 用的动词是催生:这种回应是帝国的产物,而非在它之前就已存在之物。
- 以普遍原则之名被一个外国人统治,会教一个民族注意到自己是一个民族。
The armies that spread the revolution's ideals produced the nationalism that would defeat the empire. · 传播革命理想的那些军队,催生出了将击败该帝国的民族主义。
One mechanism, stated in two CED sentences, linking 5.6's two objectives. · 一个机制,写在两句 CED 里,连接 5.6 的两个目标。
The irony worth writing down
- The armies that spread the revolution's ideals produced the nationalism that would defeat the empire carrying them.
- That is one mechanism, stated in two CED sentences, and it links 5.6's two objectives.
- 5.7's Congress of Vienna then tries to contain exactly what these armies created.
值得写下的反讽
- 传播革命理想的那些军队,催生出了将击败携带这些理想之帝国的民族主义。
- 这是一个机制,写在 CED 的两句话里,而它把 5.6 的两个目标连在一起。
- 随后 5.7 的维也纳会议,试图遏制的正是这些军队所催生之物。
An empire justifies its rule by universal principles and administers it in a foreign language, by foreign officials, for foreign benefit. The principles are heard; so is the accent. The second is what produces a nationalist response, and the first is what gives it a vocabulary.
一个帝国以普遍原则为其统治辩护,却用外来的语言、由外来的官员、为外来的利益来施行统治。人们听见了那些原则;也听见了那种口音。后者产生了民族主义的回应,而前者给了它一套语汇。
Napoleon undertook enduring domestic reforms while curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions, and his new military tactics gave him direct or indirect control over much of the continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution. Those same armies created nationalist responses throughout Europe — the mechanism that would defeat the empire carrying the ideals.
拿破仑推行了持久的国内改革,同时限缩某些权利,并在代议机构的立面之后操纵民众冲动,而他的新军事战术使他获得对大陆大部分地区的直接或间接控制,传播了法国大革命的理想。同样这些军队在整个欧洲催生了民族主义的回应——正是这一机制将击败那个携带着理想的帝国。