The New Ideologies · 新意识形态
Liberals, and their internal argument
- Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
- Three commitments, and then a debate — the CED puts the disagreement inside liberalism, not outside it.
- So "the liberals wanted democracy" is too simple; the extent of participation was the open question.
自由派,以及他们内部的争论
- 自由派强调人民主权、个人权利与开明的自利,但就社会中所有群体应在多大程度上积极参与治理展开了争论。
- 三项承诺,然后是一场争论——CED 把这一分歧放在自由主义内部,而不是外部。
- 因此"自由派想要民主"过于简单;参与的程度才是那个悬而未决的问题。
The CED puts the liberals' disagreement... · CED将自由主义者的分歧置于……
The extent of participation was the open question. · 参与程度是一个开放性问题。
Radicals and republicans go further
- Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
- The demand is universal male suffrage — the CED is exact, and then records that some went further.
- 5.4's restriction of citizenship to men is being contested here, by a minority within a minority.
激进派与共和派走得更远
- 英国的激进派与欧洲大陆的共和派要求普遍男性选举权与完全公民身份,不论财富与财产所有权;有些人主张这些权利应扩及女性。
- 这一要求是普遍男性选举权——CED 说得精确,随后记录了有些人走得更远。
- 5.4 中把公民身份限定于男性的做法,在这里受到争议,由少数派中的少数派提出。
Radicals and republicans demanded universal ____ suffrage without regard to wealth. · 激进派和共和主义者要求不分财富的全民____选举权。
And some argued such rights should be extended to women. · 一些人主张此类权利应扩展至女性。
Socialists, from utopian to scientific
- Socialists called for the redistribution of society's resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism.
- Marx's scientific socialism provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution.
- Deterministic is the distinguishing word: the claim is not just that capitalism is unjust but that its outcome is determined.
社会主义者,从空想到科学
- 社会主义者呼吁对社会的资源与财富进行再分配,并从空想的批判演进为马克思主义的科学的资本主义批判。
- 马克思的科学社会主义提供了对资本主义的系统性批判,以及对社会与历史演进的决定论分析。
- 决定论的是区别性的词:其主张不只是资本主义不义,而是它的结果已被决定。
The distinguishing word in the CED's description of Marx's analysis is... · CED对马克思分析描述中的区分性词汇是……
Not just that capitalism is unjust, but that its outcome is determined. · 不仅资本主义是不公正的，而且其结果也是被决定的。
The liberals' disagreement is inside liberalism. They emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups should actively participate in governance — so "liberals wanted democracy" is too simple, and the extent of participation was the open question.
**自由派的分歧在自由主义内部。**他们强调人民主权、个人权利与开明的自利,但就所有群体应在多大程度上积极参与治理展开争论——因此"自由派想要民主"过于简单,而参与的程度才是那个悬而未决的问题。
Which ideology is this? · 这是哪种意识形态？
Sort each claim to the ideology that makes it. · 将每个主张归类到提出它的意识形态。
Anarchists rejected... · 无政府主义者拒绝……
Not a preference for one government over another. · 并非偏好某一种政体胜过另一种。
Anarchists reject authority as such
- Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
- All forms is the point: this is not a preference for one government over another.
- So the four ideologies differ not only in what they want but in what they think the state is for.
无政府主义者拒斥权威本身
- 无政府主义者主张一切形式的政府权威都是不必要的,应当被推翻,并代之以一个建立在自愿合作之上的社会。
- 一切形式是关键:这不是在偏好某一种政府而非另一种。
- 因此这四种意识形态的不同,不仅在于它们想要什么,还在于它们认为国家是干什么的。
Match each ideology to the part of the order it attacks. · 将每种意识形态与其所攻击的社会秩序部分相匹配。
Naming which part each attacks is the strong move. · 指出每种意识形态攻击的是哪一部分是关键的得分点。
How and why they challenged the order
- Each ideology challenges a different part of 6.5's settlement: legitimacy, the franchise, property, and authority itself.
- Why: industrialisation created conditions and classes the existing order had no account of.
- So the ideologies are the third thread's ideological responses, and naming which part each attacks is the strong move.
它们如何以及为何挑战了这一秩序
- 每一种意识形态挑战 6.5 那套安排的不同部分:正当性、选举权、财产,以及权威本身。
- 为何:工业化造就了既有秩序无法解释的条件与阶级。
- 因此这些意识形态就是第三条线索中的意识形态回应,而点出每一种攻击的是哪一部分,才是有力的做法。
Four critics look at the same factory town. One asks who may vote about it, one asks whether every man may, one asks who owns it, and one asks why anyone should be governed at all. They are not four degrees of the same complaint.
四位批评者看着同一个工厂镇。一位问谁可以就它投票,一位问是否每个男人都可以,一位问它归谁所有,还有一位问究竟为什么要有人被统治。他们不是同一种不满的四种程度。
Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent of participation; radicals and republicans demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth, and some argued rights should extend to women; socialists called for redistribution and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique, whose deterministic analysis of history is its distinguishing feature; anarchists asserted all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary.
自由派强调人民主权、个人权利与开明的自利,但就参与的程度展开争论;激进派与共和派要求普遍男性选举权与完全公民身份,不论财富,而有些人主张权利应扩及女性;社会主义者呼吁再分配,并从空想演进为马克思主义的科学批判,其对历史的决定论分析是其区别性特征;无政府主义者主张一切形式的政府权威都是不必要的。