Against the Existing Order · 反对现有秩序
Revolutionaries attack the status quo
- In the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo.
- Attempted again: the CED records the effort, not a success.
- And the target is precisely what 6.5's Concert existed to preserve — the two subtopics are one argument.
革命者攻击现状
- 在 19 世纪上半叶,革命者试图摧毁现状。
- 又一次用了试图:CED 记录的是这种努力,而不是一次成功。
- 而其目标正是 6.5 中协调体系存在的目的所在——这两个小节是同一场争论。
Select both · 两者 triggers of the revolutions of 1848. · 选择1848年革命的两个触发点。
One economic, one political. · 一个是经济的，一个是政治的。
1848: causes and effect
- The revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, challenged conservative politicians and governments and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
- Two triggers — one economic, one political — and one named consequence.
- Led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe is the sentence to remember: 1848 is where 6.5's institution fails.
1848 年:成因与效果
- 1848 年的革命由经济困难与对政治现状的不满所触发,挑战了保守派政治家与政府,并导致了欧洲协调的崩解。
- 两个触发因素——一个经济的,一个政治的——以及一项被点名的后果。
- 导致了欧洲协调的崩解是值得记住的一句:1848 年正是 6.5 那个机构失效之处。
The CED says 1848 led to... · CED称1848年导致了……
1848 is where 6.5's institution fails. · 1848年是6.5中制度失效之处。
Russia: reform from above, revolution below
- In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a programme of reform and modernisation, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
- The CED's causal chain runs reform → revolutionary movements → 1905, in that order.
- So reform is not presented here as an alternative to revolution; it is presented as one of its causes.
俄国:自上而下的改革,自下而上的革命
- 在俄国,专制统治者强行推行了一套改革与现代化方案,包括农奴解放,这催生了革命运动,并最终导致 1905 年的俄国革命。
- CED 的因果链依次是改革 → 革命运动 → 1905 年。
- 因此改革在这里不是被当作革命的替代方案呈现的;它是被当作革命的成因之一呈现的。
A trigger, an event, or a consequence? · 触发点、事件还是后果？
Sort each element of the reaction against the order. · 对反秩序反应的各要素进行排序。
Put the CED's Russian chain in order. · 按顺序排列CED的俄国链条。
Reform is presented as a cause of revolution, not an alternative. · 改革被呈现为革命的原因，而非替代方案。
In the CED's Russian sentence, reform causes revolutionary movements. The chain reads reform and modernisation, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually 1905 — so reform is presented as a cause of revolution, not an alternative to it.
**在 CED 关于俄国的那句话里,改革导致了革命运动。**这条链是:改革与现代化,包括农奴解放,这催生了革命运动并最终导致 1905 年——因此改革是被当作革命的成因呈现的,而不是它的替代方案。
The CED says revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo. · CED称革命者试图破坏现状。
It records the effort, not a success. · 它记录了努力，而非成功。
Why reform can produce revolution
- A reform decreed from above concedes that the existing arrangement was wrong, which licenses further demands.
- It also creates people whose situation has changed enough to make more change imaginable.
- The CED does not spell the mechanism out, but its sentence order does, and following it is safe.
改革为何能产生革命
- 一项自上而下颁布的改革,等于承认既有安排是错的,这就为进一步的要求提供了许可。
- 它同时也造就了一批人,其处境改变得足以让更多的改变变得可以设想。
- CED 没有把这个机制说明白,但它的句序说明了,而跟随它是稳妥的。
A reform decreed from above concedes the existing arrangement was , which licenses further demands. · 自上而下颁布的改革承认现有安排是，从而许可进一步的要求。
And it creates people for whom more change is imaginable. · 并且它创造了那些认为更多变革是可能的人。
How and why groups reacted
- The objective asks how and why various groups reacted against the existing order.
- How: revolution attempted, 1848's risings, and revolutionary movements in Russia.
- Why: economic hardship, discontent with the political status quo, and reforms that raised expectations.
各群体如何以及为何作出反应
- 这一目标追问各群体如何以及为何反抗既有秩序。
- 如何:被尝试的革命、1848 年的起事,以及俄国的革命运动。
- 为何:经济困难、对政治现状的不满,以及抬高了期望的改革。
A government that grants one thing has admitted that granting is possible. The people who receive it are the first to notice, and the second demand is always easier to state than the first was.
一个给予了某样东西的政府,已经承认给予是可能的。收到这样东西的人是最先注意到这一点的,而第二项要求总是比第一项更容易说出口。
Revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo in the first half of the century; the revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, challenged conservative politicians and governments and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe; and in Russia reform and modernisation, including the emancipation of the serfs, gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
在本世纪上半叶,革命者试图摧毁现状;1848 年的革命由经济困难与对政治现状的不满所触发,挑战了保守派政治家与政府,并导致了欧洲协调的崩解;而在俄国,改革与现代化,包括农奴解放,催生了革命运动并最终导致 1905 年的俄国革命。