Enlightened Absolutism and Toleration · 开明专制与宽容
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| In the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism | 开明专制 | kāi míng zhuān zhì |
Rulers experimented
- In the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism 开明专制.
- The CED's verb is experimented — a limited, revocable adoption, not a change of system.
- So enlightened absolutism keeps 3.7's structure and changes its justification and some of its policy.
统治者进行试验
- 开明专制(enlightened absolutism)。
- CED 用的动词是试验——一种有限的、可撤回的采纳,而不是体制的改变。
- 因此开明专制保留了 3.7 的结构,而改变的是它的正当性依据与部分政策。
The CED's verb for enlightened absolutism is... · CED对开明专制的动词是……
A limited, revocable adoption, not a change of system. · 有限的、可撤销的采纳，而非体制变革。
A different argument for the same power
- Absolutism in 3.7 was justified by divine right and tradition — precisely what 4.3's Locke replaced.
- Enlightened absolutism justifies the same authority by utility: the ruler governs best because reason recommends it.
- So a ruler can adopt Enlightenment language without conceding any of Locke's conclusions about consent.
为同样的权力提出不同的论证
- 3.7 中的专制主义,是以君权神授与传统来论证的——而这恰恰是 4.3 中洛克所取代的东西。
- 开明专制则以功用来论证同样的权威:统治者治理得最好,因为理性推荐如此。
- 因此统治者可以采纳启蒙的语言,却不必让出洛克关于同意的任何结论。
Enlightened absolutism justified the ruler's authority by... · 开明专制通过……来证明统治者的权威
So a ruler adopts Enlightenment language without conceding Locke's conclusions. · 因此，统治者采用了启蒙语言，却未接受洛克的结论。
Toleration extended
- By 1800, most governments in western and central Europe had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in some states, civil equality to Jews.
- The CED distinguishes two levels: toleration for Christian minorities, and civil equality in some states for Jews.
- Toleration permits practice; civil equality changes legal standing — a much stronger claim, and the CED restricts it to some states.
宽容的扩展
- 到 1800 年,西欧与中欧的多数政府已把宽容扩展到基督教少数派,并在一些国家把公民平等扩展到犹太人。
- CED 区分了两个层级:对基督教少数派的宽容,以及在一些国家给予犹太人的公民平等。
- 宽容允许实践;公民平等改变法律地位——这是一个强得多的主张,而 CED 把它限定在一些国家。
Enlightened absolutism, toleration, or a territorial consequence? · 开明专制、宽容，还是领土后果？
Sort each development. · 对每项发展进行排序。
Match each term to what it changes. · 将每个术语与其改变的内容匹配。
The CED separates the two levels deliberately. · CED有意区分这两个层面。
Toleration and civil equality are different things, and the CED separates them. Most governments extended toleration to Christian minorities; only some states extended civil equality to Jews. Toleration permits practice; civil equality changes legal standing.
宽容与公民平等是不同的东西,而 CED 把它们分开了。多数政府把宽容扩展到基督教少数派;只有一些国家把公民平等扩展到犹太人。宽容允许实践;公民平等改变法律地位。
Select both · 两者 territorial consequences the CED attributes to Westphalia. · 选择CED归因于威斯特伐利亚的两个领土后果。
The partition is 3.6; the Dutch revolt is 3.5. · 瓜分对应3.6；荷兰起义对应3.5。
Westphalia reshaped the map
- As a result of the Holy Roman Empire's limitation of sovereignty in the Peace of Westphalia, Prussia rose to power, and the Habsburgs, centred in Austria, shifted their empire eastward.
- 2.4's settlement has a direct territorial consequence a century later, which the CED states as causal.
- So the second objective — whether developments challenged or reinforced the idea of a unified Europe — is answered here: they challenged it.
威斯特伐利亚重塑了地图
- 由于《威斯特伐利亚和约》对神圣罗马帝国主权的限制,普鲁士崛起,而以奥地利为中心的哈布斯堡把其帝国向东转移。
- 2.4 的那份安排,在一个世纪之后有了直接的领土后果,而 CED 把它陈述为因果性的。
- 因此第二个目标——这些发展是挑战还是强化了统一欧洲这一观念——在这里得到回答:它们挑战了它。
The two objectives in this subtopic draw on barely overlapping evidence. · 本子主题中的两个目标仅基于极少重叠的证据。
So an answer must say which objective it is addressing. · 因此答案必须说明它针对的是哪个目标。
Two objectives here
- How political power was influenced by Enlightenment thought: enlightened absolutism, and extended toleration.
- How developments challenged or reinforced a unified Europe: Westphalia's consequences did the challenging.
- An answer must say which objective it is addressing, because the evidence for the two barely overlaps.
这里有两个目标
- 政治权力如何受启蒙思想影响:开明专制,以及扩展了的宽容。
- 这些发展如何挑战或强化了统一欧洲的观念:是《威斯特伐利亚和约》的后果在作挑战。
- 答案必须说明它在回应哪一个目标,因为两者的证据几乎不重叠。
A ruler abolishes torture, funds schools, codifies law and keeps every decision in his own hands. Every reform is defensible on Enlightenment grounds and none of them touches the question of consent. That is what the CED's word experimented is recording.
一位统治者废除酷刑、资助学校、编纂法典,同时把每一项决定都握在自己手中。每一项改革都能以启蒙的理由为之辩护,而没有一项触及同意这个问题。这正是 CED 的"试验"一词所记录下来的。
A number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism — the same authority justified by utility rather than divine right. By 1800 most western and central European governments had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in some states, civil equality to Jews. Westphalia's limitation of imperial sovereignty let Prussia rise and pushed the Habsburgs eastward.
东欧与中欧的若干国家试验了开明专制——同样的权威,以功用而非君权神授来论证。到 1800 年,西欧与中欧的多数政府已把宽容扩展到基督教少数派,并在一些国家把公民平等扩展到犹太人。 《威斯特伐利亚和约》对帝国主权的限制,让普鲁士得以崛起,并把哈布斯堡推向东方。