A-Level Biology

1.1 The microscope in cell studies 1.2.1 Eukaryotic cells and their organelles 1.2.2 Prokaryotic cells and viruses

2.1 Testing for biological molecules 2.2.1 Carbohydrates 2.2.2 Lipids 2.3 Proteins 2.4 Water

3.1 Mode of action of enzymes 3.2.1 Factors that affect enzyme action 3.2.2 Vmax, Km and inhibitors

4.1 Fluid mosaic membranes 4.2.1 Movement into and out of cells 4.2.2 Surface area to volume ratio 4.2.3 Water potential and living cells

5.1.1 Chromosomes and the cell cycle 5.1.2 The significance of mitosis 5.2 Chromosome behaviour in mitosis

6.1.1 Nucleotides and the structure of DNA 6.1.2 Replication of DNA and RNA 6.2.1 The genetic code and protein synthesis 6.2.2 Gene mutations

7.1 Structure of transport tissues 7.2.1 Water uptake and movement to the xylem 7.2.2 Transpiration and xerophytes 7.2.3 Translocation in the phloem

8.1.1 The circulatory system 8.1.2 Blood cells, plasma and tissue fluid 8.2.1 Transport of oxygen 8.2.2 Transport of carbon dioxide 8.3 The heart

9.1.1 The gas exchange system and airways 9.1.2 Gas exchange in the alveoli

10.1.1 Infectious diseases 10.1.2 Preventing and controlling disease 10.2 Antibiotics

11.1.1 Phagocytes and antigens 11.1.2 The immune response and memory cells 11.2.1 Antibodies and monoclonal antibodies 11.2.2 Types of immunity and vaccination

12.1 Energy 12.2.1 Respiratory substrates and RQ 12.2.2 Glycolysis and the link reaction 12.2.3 Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 12.2.4 Anaerobic respiration

13.1.1 The chloroplast and pigments 13.1.2 The light-dependent stage 13.1.3 The Calvin cycle 13.2 Investigation of limiting factors

14.1.1 Homeostasis and the liver 14.1.2 The kidney and the nephron 14.1.3 Osmoregulation 14.1.4 Controlling blood glucose 14.2 Homeostasis in plants

15.1.1 Coordination systems and neurones 15.1.2 The nerve impulse 15.1.3 The synapse 15.1.4 Muscles and contraction 15.2 Control and coordination in plants

16.1 Passage of information from parents to offspring 16.2.1 The language of genetics 16.2.2 Genetic diagrams and crosses 16.2.3 From genes to phenotype 16.3 Gene control

17.1 Variation 17.2.1 Natural selection 17.2.2 Changing allele frequencies 17.2.3 Artificial selection 17.3 Evolution

18.1.1 Species and the three domains 18.1.2 The taxonomic hierarchy and kingdoms 18.2 Biodiversity 18.3 Conservation

19.1.1 Principles and tools of genetic technology 19.1.2 Copying and sorting DNA 19.2 Genetic technology applied to medicine 19.3 Genetically modified organisms in agriculture