HSK · HSK · HSK 6

Adverbios

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Material

Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

Verb + 得 + 倒 + Adj (a pointed note)

A suggestion meets a practical obstacle

A friend says that moving all the desks will be easy, but has not offered to help.
你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？ — The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Verb + 得 + 倒 + Adj (a pointed note): 你说得倒轻松!; 他想得倒美。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐsay说shuō得de(actually)倒dàoeasy容易róng yì。

In the opening situation: 你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？
The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work.

Check the limit of the explanation

倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic.
你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 你说倒得容易 needs repair here. Write 你说得倒容易 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic. 你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.

Try it with help closed

A friend says that moving all the desks will be easy, but has not offered to help. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic.
你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

很是 + Adj (a formal “very”)

Choose the voice of a written report

A report describes the team's reaction after the results arrive.
大家对结果很是满意。 — The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

很是 + Adj (a formal “very”): 大家很是高兴。; 老师对他的进步很是满意。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

everyone大家dà jiāvery很是hěn shìpleased高兴gāo xìng。

In the opening situation: 大家对结果很是满意。
The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice.

Check the limit of the explanation

Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation.
大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 大家很是了满意 needs repair here. Write 大家很是满意 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation. 大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.

Try it with help closed

A report describes the team's reaction after the results arrive. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 大家对结果很是满意。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation.
大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

足足 + Amount (a full / as much as)

A short wait feels unexpectedly long

You expected a ten-minute queue but waited two hours.
我们足足等了两个小时。 — 足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount.

Locate the pattern in real examples

足足 + Amount (a full / as much as): 我们足足等了两个小时。; 这条鱼足足有五斤重。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒa full足足zú zúwait等děng了leone一yí(measure word)个gehour小时xiǎo shí。

In the opening situation: 我们足足等了两个小时。
足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount.

Check the limit of the explanation

The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number.
足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 足了足等两个小时 needs repair here. Write 足足等了两个小时 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number. 足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.

Try it with help closed

You expected a ten-minute queue but waited two hours. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们足足等了两个小时。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number.
足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一再 + Verb (again and again)

A warning is repeated before departure

A leader has reminded the group several times to check their equipment.
老师一再提醒我们检查装备。 — The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一再 + Verb (again and again): 他一再强调这一点。; 我一再提醒过你。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tārepeatedly一再yí zàistress强调qiáng diàosafety安全ān quán。

In the opening situation: 老师一再提醒我们检查装备。
The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder.

Check the limit of the explanation

一再 does not mean exactly two or three times.
又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了再提醒我们 needs repair here. Write 一再提醒我们 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
一再 does not mean exactly two or three times. 又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.

Try it with help closed

A leader has reminded the group several times to check their equipment. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 老师一再提醒我们检查装备。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
一再 does not mean exactly two or three times.
又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

凡是 … 都 (all / any without exception)

Who qualifies for the same benefit?

A club notice gives a certificate to every person who completes the course.
凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。 — Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies.

Locate the pattern in real examples

凡是 … 都 (all / any without exception): 凡是去过的人,都说好。; 凡是他说的话,我都记得。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

all凡是fán shìstudents学生xué shengall都dōumay可以kě yǐtake part参加cān jiā。

In the opening situation: 凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。
Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies.

Check the limit of the explanation

The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun.
凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 凡是了完成课程的人 needs repair here. Write 凡是完成课程的人 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun. 凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.

Try it with help closed

A club notice gives a certificate to every person who completes the course. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun.
凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

向来 (always / all along)

A reliable colleague has one unusual day

A colleague is normally punctual, but today has not arrived.
他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？ — The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception.

Locate the pattern in real examples

向来 (always / all along): 他向来守时。; 这家店向来生意很好。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāalways向来xiàng láipunctual准时zhǔn shí。

In the opening situation: 他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？
The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception.

Check the limit of the explanation

A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception.
向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 向了来准时 needs repair here. Write 向来准时 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception. 向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.

Try it with help closed

A colleague is normally punctual, but today has not arrived. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception.
向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

果然 (sure enough / as expected)

A forecast is confirmed by observation

The forecast predicted afternoon rain. Rain starts after lunch.
天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。 — The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew.

Locate the pattern in real examples

果然 (sure enough / as expected): 天气预报说有雨,下午果然下了。; 他说会赢,果然赢了。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒsaid说shuōwould会huìrain下雨xià yǔ，sure enough果然guǒ ránfell下xià了le。

In the opening situation: 天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。
The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew.

Check the limit of the explanation

居然 would highlight surprise instead.
An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 下午下雨了果然 needs repair here. Write 下午果然下雨了 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
居然 would highlight surprise instead. An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.

Try it with help closed

The forecast predicted afternoon rain. Rain starts after lunch. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
居然 would highlight surprise instead.
An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

似乎 (it seems / as if)

Read a face without claiming certainty

A colleague is quiet and frowning. You do not know the reason.
他似乎不太高兴。 — The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour.

Locate the pattern in real examples

似乎 (it seems / as if): 他似乎不太高兴。; 这个名字我似乎在哪儿听过。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāseems似乎sì hūnot不búvery太tàihappy高兴gāo xìng。

In the opening situation: 他似乎不太高兴。
The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour.

Check the limit of the explanation

似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause.
似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他不太高兴似乎 needs repair here. Write 他似乎不太高兴 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause. 似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.

Try it with help closed

A colleague is quiet and frowning. You do not know the reason. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他似乎不太高兴。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause.
似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

偏偏 (of all things / just had to)

Rain arrives at the inconvenient moment

You planned an outdoor event for the only free afternoon, and rain begins then.
偏偏这时候下雨。 — The timing clashes with the speaker's plan.

Locate the pattern in real examples

偏偏 (of all things / just had to): 我让他别去,他偏偏要去。; 早不下晚不下,偏偏这时候下雨。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒtold让rànghim他tādon't别biégo去qù，he他tājust had to偏偏piān piāninsist要yàogo去qù。

In the opening situation: 偏偏这时候下雨。
The timing clashes with the speaker's plan.

Check the limit of the explanation

偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去.
It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 偏了偏这时候下雨 needs repair here. Write 偏偏这时候下雨 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The timing clashes with the speaker's plan. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去. It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.

Try it with help closed

You planned an outdoor event for the only free afternoon, and rain begins then. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 偏偏这时候下雨。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去.
It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

再 + Adj + 也 (however …, still …)

A rule survives even extreme busyness

Someone suggests skipping lunch to finish work. You insist on a break.
再忙也要吃饭。 — Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes.

Locate the pattern in real examples

再 + Adj + 也 (however …, still …): 再忙也要吃饭。; 再难也要坚持下去。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

however再zàibusy忙mángstill也yěmust要yàoeat吃饭chī fàn。

In the opening situation: 再忙也要吃饭。
Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes.

Check the limit of the explanation

This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again.
再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 再忙也了要吃饭 needs repair here. Write 再忙也要吃饭 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again. 再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.

Try it with help closed

Someone suggests skipping lunch to finish work. You insist on a break. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 再忙也要吃饭。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again.
再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一律 (uniformly / without exception)

Read the scope of a shop notice

A notice says that every item in the clearance area has the same discount.
清仓区的商品一律打八折。 — The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一律 (uniformly / without exception): 店内商品一律八折。; 会议期间手机一律关机。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

goods商品shāng pǐnuniformly一律yí lǜ20% off打八折dǎ bā zhé。

In the opening situation: 清仓区的商品一律打八折。
The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area.

Check the limit of the explanation

打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction.
一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了律打八折 needs repair here. Write 一律打八折 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction. 一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.

Try it with help closed

A notice says that every item in the clearance area has the same discount. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 清仓区的商品一律打八折。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction.
一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

无非 (nothing but / merely)

A simple motive replaces a dramatic guess

Someone suspects a complicated plan. A friend offers a simpler explanation.
他无非是想帮你。 — The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help.

Locate the pattern in real examples

无非 (nothing but / merely): 他这么做,无非是想帮你。; 大家聊的无非是工作和孩子。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāmerely无非wú fēiis是shìwant想xiǎnghelp帮bāngyou你nǐ。

In the opening situation: 他无非是想帮你。
The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help.

Check the limit of the explanation

This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention.
无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 无了非是想帮你 needs repair here. Write 无非是想帮你 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention. 无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.

Try it with help closed

Someone suspects a complicated plan. A friend offers a simpler explanation. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他无非是想帮你。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention.
无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一向 (all along / consistently)

A standing preference differs from one meal

A friend has disliked sweet food for years, not just today.
她一向不喜欢甜食。 — The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一向 (all along / consistently): 张老师一向要求严格。; 他一向不喝酒。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāall along一向yí xiàngvery很hěnhard-working努力nǔ lì。

In the opening situation: 她一向不喜欢甜食。
The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions.

Check the limit of the explanation

一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference.
一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了向不喜欢甜食 needs repair here. Write 一向不喜欢甜食 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference. 一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.

Try it with help closed

A friend has disliked sweet food for years, not just today. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 她一向不喜欢甜食。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference.
一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

到时候 (when the time comes)

Set a reminder for a known event

A trip starts next Friday. You will send the meeting point nearer departure.
下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。 — The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers.

Locate the pattern in real examples

到时候 (when the time comes): 别急,到时候我提醒你。; 先准备好,到时候就不慌了。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

don't别biéworry急jí，when the time comes到时候dào shí houthen再zàitalk说shuō。

In the opening situation: 下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。
The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers.

Check the limit of the explanation

A reader needs a recoverable event or time.
到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 到候时我提醒你 needs repair here. Write 到时候我提醒你 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
A reader needs a recoverable event or time. 到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.

Try it with help closed

A trip starts next Friday. You will send the meeting point nearer departure. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
A reader needs a recoverable event or time.
到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

何必 (why bother / no need)

An unnecessary trip is challenged

A friend wants to travel across town for a book that can be borrowed next door.
楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？ — The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary.

Locate the pattern in real examples

何必 (why bother / no need): 何必这么客气?; 事情已经过去了,何必再提?
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐwhy bother何必hé bìso这么zhè mepolite客气kè qi。

In the opening situation: 楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？
The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary.

Check the limit of the explanation

何必 asks rhetorically about necessity.
It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 何了必跑那么远 needs repair here. Write 何必跑那么远 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
何必 asks rhetorically about necessity. It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.

Try it with help closed

A friend wants to travel across town for a book that can be borrowed next door. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
何必 asks rhetorically about necessity.
It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

Vocabulario

Entrenar

English	Español
expel breath	expulsar el aliento
ouch	ay / ay de mí
to suffer	sufrir
cancer	cáncer
to like sth so much that one is reluctant to put it down	amar algo tanto que no se puede dejar de leerlo
to love and respect	amar y respetar
vague	vago
to live in peace and work happily	vivir en paz y trabajar felizmente
peaceful	pacífico
serene	sereno
to find a place for	dar cabida a / ubicar
massage	masaje
case	case
instance	instancia
to hint	insinuar / dar a entender
expensive	costosa
concave or convex	cóncavo o convexo
to cook on a slow fire	cocinar a fuego lento
secret	secreto
to peel	pelar
scar	cicatriz
to spoil things through excessive enthusiasm	estropear las cosas por exceso de entusiasmo
to guard a pass	guardar un paso montañoso / paso fronterizo
handle	mango / asa / manejo
cheap trick	truco barato / artificio vil
the Way of the Hegemon	El Camino del Hegemonía
to be eager for	tener ansia de / estar ansioso por
to fawn on	adular / halagar
a strike	huelga
to break apart	romperse / desintegrarse
percentage point	punto porcentual
to break away from	escindirse de / separarse de
to ruin	arruinar
to pay a visit	visitar / hacer una visita
to pay a New Year call	hacer felicitaciones de Año Nuevo
to request sb to do sth	pedir a alguien que haga algo
to issue	emitir
to promulgate	promulgar
stripe	raya / franja
version	versionado
to give up halfway	abandonar a mitad de camino
companion	compañero/a
to accompany	acompañar
to play the role of	interpretar / representar el papel de
to kidnap	secuestrar
example	ejemplo
pound	libra (unidad de peso)
to shield	proteger / resguardar
wrapping cloth	paño de envoltorio / tela de empaque
to surround	rodear / circundar
to pack	empacar / embalar
weak	débil
saturated	saturada
having lived through many changes	que ha vivido muchos cambios
to safekeep	guardar bajo llave / custodiar
to keep sth confidential	mantener algo en secreto
nanny	niñera / niñero
conservative	conservador/a
to defend	defender
to take good care of one's health	cuidar bien de la salud
to safeguard	salvaguardar / proteger
to take care of oneself	cuidarse solo / autoprotegerse
to take revenge	vengarse
reward	recompensa
to repay	retribuir / devolver
to report for duty	presentarse al servicio / reportarse
to make reprisals	tomar represalias
newspaper	newspaper
to submit an expense account	presentar un justificante de gastos
aspiration	aspiración
to complain	quejarse
violence	violencia
to expose	exponer / revelar
to break out	estallar / brotar
explosion	explosión
base	base
grieved	afligido / dolorido
miserable	infeliz / miserable
the North Pole	Polo Norte
shell	cáscara
backup	copia de seguridad
memorandum	memorándum
to betray	traicionar
to recite	recitar
passive	pasiva
defendant	acusado / demandado
to rush about	andar prisa / correr de aquí para allá
to run quickly	correr rápidamente
instinct	instinto
seed money	capital semilla
I	I
itself	ella misma
source material	material fuente / material base
based on	basado en
clumsy	torpe / torpezudo
to break down	descomponerse / romperse
need not	no es necesario
to burst forth	estallar / aflorar
to jump	saltar
to force	forzar
nasal mucus	moco nasal / secreción nasal
analogy	analogía
to compare	to compare
proportion	proporción
to be bound to	estar obligado a / ser inevitable que
to stop up	tapar / obstruir
malady	enfermedad / padecimiento
systemic problem	problema sistémico
jasper	jaspe
arm	brazo
border area	zona fronteriza / área limítrofe
boundary	límite
frontier	frontera
edge	arista
to weave	tejer
to spur on	animar / incitar
to belittle	menospreciar / humillar
derogatory sense	sentido despectivo
flat	plana
an unforeseen event	un evento imprevisto
changes	cambios
to degenerate	degenerar
convenient	conveniente
note	note
easy to	fácil de
to cover the whole	cubrir todo
to recognize	reconocer
to speak in defense of	defender / defenderse de
to explain	explicar
dialectical	dialéctico
plait	trenza / cogollo
specimen	ampliación
sign	signo
title	título
to rise rapidly	ascender rápidamente
to decide by vote	decidir por votación
to declare one's position	declarar su posición
to honor	honrar / honrar
to hold back	reprimir / contener
awkward	incómodo / torpe
villa	villa / casa de campo
unusual	inusual
on the edge of	al borde de / al margen de
hail	granizo
to exist at the same time	existir simultáneamente
really isn't	realmente no es
to stand side by side	estar lado a lado
to call	llamar
wave	onda
waves surging forth	olas surfiendo / olas rompiendo
to exploit	explotar
to broadcast	emitir / transmitir
to grow from seed	crecer desde la semilla
wife of father's elder brother	cuñada mayor (esposa del hermano mayor del padre)
wide-ranging and profound	amplio y profundo
exposition	exposición / disertación
to wrestle	luchar cuerpo a cuerpo / wrestling
to compensate	compensar
to remedy	remediar / subsanar
to subsidize	subvencionar / subsidiar
breastfeeding	lactancia materna
to catch	atrapar / coger
to act against one's will	actuar contra su voluntad
there is no harm in	no hay daño en / no está de más
you flatter me	Ud. me halaga
in spite of	a pesar de / pese a
can't help	no poder evitar
cannot bear	no soportar / no poder aguantar
inconceivable	inconcebible
to be worthy of	ser digno de / merecer
unexpectedly	inesperadamente
from time to time	de vez en cuando / ocasionalmente
not stint	no escatimarse
equally matched	iguales en fuerza
unreasonable	irrazonable
to disdain as beneath contempt	despreciar como indigno de consideración
it goes without saying	es innecesario decir
cannot but	no puede evitar que
by fair means or foul	por medios justos o injustos
incessantly	sin cesar
posting on a bulletin board	publicar en un tablón de anuncios
arrangement	disposición
to put in order	poner en orden
pace	ritmo
to dispose	desechar
part , or a garment etc)	pieza (de una prenda, etc.)
ability	habilidad
wealth	riqueza
financial affairs	asuntos financieros
finances	finanzas
to make an item of clothing	confeccionar una prenda de vestir
judgment	juicio
to cut staff	reducir personal
to procure	obtener
to gather	reunir
to accept	aceptar
lottery ticket	billete de lotería
staff officer	oficial de estado mayor
to consult a reference	consultar una referencia
cruel	cruel
to remain	permanecer
mean	media
to glitter	destellar
all of a sudden	de repente
depot	almacén
pale	pálido
cabin	cabina
to work hard	trabajar duro
drill	ejercicio físico / entrenamiento
to operate	operar
to work	to work
noisy	ruidoso
draft	borrador / borrador
careless	cuidadoso
lateral side	lateral
survey	encuesta
game plan	plan de juego
to plot	tramar
more and more emerge	aparecen cada vez más
layer	capa
to track down and seize	rastrear y aprehender
fork in road	encrucijada
flabbergasted	atontado / estupefacto
disparity	disparidad
diesel fuel	combustible diésel
to take by the arm and assist	tomar del brazo y ayudar
greedy for food	codicioso de comida
twisting	torcerse
industry	la industria
to expound	exponer
to shudder	temblar
prosperous	próspero
savage	salvaje
to try	intentar
to reimburse	reembolsar
all year round	todo el año
routine	rutina
occasion	ocasión
scene	escena
location	ubicación
unimpeded	sin obstáculos
to sell well	vender bien
to advocate	abogar por
to suggest	sugerir
to open wide	abrir de par en par
paper money	dinero en papel
super-	super-
to surpass	superar
full of youthful energy	lleno de energía juvenil
to jeer at	burlarse de
tide	marea
damp	húmedo
to retreat	retirarse
to repeal	derogar
to settle	arreglar / liquidar
oppressive	opresivo
to contemplate	contemplar
steady	estables
heavy	pesado
old-fashioned	antiguo / anticuado
to display	exhibir
an assertion	una afirmación
name	nombre
after one's own heart	según los propios gustos
costs	costos
to complete a contract	cumplir un contrato
all day long	todo el día
effect	efecto
intentional	intencional
member	miembro
to appear	aparecer
to undertake	emprender
to contract	contraer
to promise	prometer
sincere	sincero
castle	castillo
attendant on an airplane, train, boat etc	mayordomo / asistente (a bordo de avión, tren, barco, etc.)
penalty	penalización
to clarify	aclarar
orange	naranja
weighing scale	balanza / báscula
to bear hardships	soportar penurias
to entail strenuous effort	requerir esfuerzo intenso
pool	piscina / charca
slow	lento
to hesitate	dudar
lasting	duradero
equator	ecuator
deficit	déficit
to serve as	servir como
abundant	abundante
rich	rico
adequate	adecuado
to have an urge	sentir la necesidad
to attack	atacar
conflict	entrar en conflicto
to worship	adorar
majestic	majestuoso
to revere	reverenciar
to find the time to do sth	encontrar tiempo para hacer algo
dense	denso
preparations	preparativos
to waver	vacilar
ugly	feo
a way out	una salida
to offer for sale	ofrecer a la venta
to be born of	proceder de
spellbound	hipnotizado / cautivado
future prospects	perspectivas futuras
to make a fool of oneself	hacer el ridículo
initial	inicial
reserves	reservas
stockpile	reserva / stock
to deposit money	depositar dinero
to discipline sb	disciplinar a alguien
plight	apuro / situación difícil
to handle	manejar
to raise animals	criar animales
to violate	violación
the stream flows without stopping	el río fluye sin detenerse
to pass through	pasar por
to pass on	transmitir / pasar de mano en mano
leaflet	folleto
biography	biografía
to impart	comunicar / impartir
shipping	envío
to breathe deeply	respirar profundamente
to string together	entrelazar
bed sheet	sábana
measure word for buildings	palabra clasificadora para edificios
to found	fundar
to bring forth new ideas	generar nuevas ideas
to begin an undertaking	iniciar una empresa / proyecto
to create	crear
to talk big	hablar con arrogancia
to flatter	halagar
perpendicular	perpendiculares
hammer	martillo
pure	puro
clean and honest	limpio e íntegro
vocabulary	vocabulario
kindly	amablemente
male and female	masculino y femenino
substandard products	productos subestándar
sequence	secuencia
to serve	servir
thorn	espinas
calm	calma
cluster	por conglomerados
to bring together	juntar / reunir
coarse	grueso / áspero
to flee	huir
to ravage	devastar
frail	frágil
to rub	frotar
to consult	consultar
setback	revés / contratiempo
to put up	construir / montar
to cooperate	cooperar
to pair up	emparejar
to reach	to reach
to reply	to reply
to answer	responder
to wrap	envolver
to file a lawsuit	presentar una demanda
to hit	golpear
to fight	luchar
to size sb up	evaluar a alguien
to go hunting	ir de caza
to fight a battle	dirigir una batalla
at worst	como máximo
chancellor	canciller
everybody	todos
large building	edificio grande
wantonly	descaradamente
in general	en general
general idea	idea general
more or less	más o menos
evildoer	malhechor
to arrest	detener / arrestar
price	precio
to act on behalf of	actuar en nombre de
to guide	guiar
to slight	insultar / menospreciar
to guarantee	garantizar
timidity	timidez
birthday	cumpleaños
to be born	nacer
flexibility	flexibilidad
off season	temporada baja
potable water	agua potable
protein	proteína
at the scene	en el lugar
at that time	en ese momento
to sb's face	a la cara de alguien
the present time	tiempo presente
persons involved or implicated	personas involucradas o implicadas
top priority job	trabajo de máxima prioridad
to take care	cuidar
to be elected	ser elegido
political party	partido político
file	archivo
grade	grado
missile	misil
navigation	navegación
to be oriented towards	estar orientado hacia
island	isla
to disturb	molestar
to go bankrupt	declarar bancarrota
to steal	robar
unhusked rice	arroz con cáscara
stage	etapa
terrain	terreno
geology	geología
the gains do not make up for the losses	las ganancias no compensan las pérdidas
able	capaz
blessed by heaven	beneficiado por el cielo
to commit an offense	cometer un delito
lantern	linterna
to land	aterrizar
to register	registrarse
to step on	pisar
rank	rango
to stare at	mirar fijamente
dam	presa
hostile	hostil
to arrive	llegar
to resist	resistir
to boycott	boicotear
to increase by degrees	aumentar gradualmente
to be jolted around	ser sacudido
to turn upside down	volcar de cabeza
celebration	celebración
model	modelo
to decorate	decorar
electric power source	fuente de energía eléctrica
pad	pad
to think of	pensar en
to fix	para corregir
to hold in the mouth	mantener en la boca
to carve	tallar
a statue	una estatua
to suspend	suspender
to transfer	transferir
harmonious	armónico
to adjust	ajustar
to regulate	regular
to mediate	mediar
condiment	condimento
to fall	caer
to warn repeatedly	advertir repetidamente
to watch attentively	observar atentamente
at set dates	en fechas fijas
definition	definición
to lose face	perder la cara / perder honor
forgetful	olvidadizo
host	semicuantitativo
to look in all directions	mirar en todas direcciones
chairman of the board of directors	presidente del consejo de administración
unrest	inquietud
motive	motivo
movement	movimiento
motive power	potencia motriz
artery	arteria
to go on a journey	empezar un viaje
to set about	ponerse manos a la obra
motion	movimiento
to mobilize	movilizar
to freeze	congelar
measure word for houses	palabra clasificadora para casas
cave	caverna
city	municipales
pocket	bolsillo
precipitous	escarpado
a struggle	una lucha
to supervise and urge completion of a task	supervisar y presionar para completar una tarea
drugs	drogas
dictatorship	dictadura
to clog up	atascar
to gamble	apostar / jugar
to put an end to	poner fin a
to carry with both hands	llevar con ambas manos
Dragon Boat Festival	Festival de Botes Dragón
upright	derecha
short in time	escaso en tiempo
to conclude	concluir
intermittent	intermitente
to sever	romper / separar
to pile up	apilar
ranks	rangos
countermeasure	contramedida
symmetry	simetría
to deal with	tratar con
to withstand	soportar / resistir
to oppose	oponerse
rhyming couplet	pareja rimada
to correspond	corresponder
to contrast	contrastar
to convert	convertir
to cash	cobrar
immediately	inmediatamente
diversification	diversificación
to tremble	temblar
to degrade	degradar
extra	extra
to worsen	empeorar
nausea	náuseas
to plunder	saquear
a little bit	un poco
to check	verificar
gratitude and grudges	agradecimiento y rencores
that's all	eso es todo
earring	pendiente
carbon dioxide CO2	dióxido de carbono CO2
to release	liberar / soltar
to get rich	hacerse rico
to stare blankly	mirar al vacío
to start	comenzar
to catch fire	incendiarse
to become aware	darse cuenta
to shoot	disparar
to vow	juramentar
to publish	publicar
to become inflamed	inflamarse
to develop	desarrollar
to mature	madurar
legal person	persona jurídica
measure word for rounds	palabra clasificadora para rondas / vueltas
bustling	bullicioso
hectic	agitado / frenético
traditional Chinese character	carácter chino tradicional
to breed	reproducirse
to retort	replicar
abnormal	anormal
but on the contrary	sino por el contrario
reaction	reacción
to be disgusted with	desgustarse con
to rebel	rebelarse
to send back information	devolver información
reverse side	reverso
to reflect	reflejar
to think back over sth	repasar algo mentalmente
to ask in reply	preguntar en respuesta
on the other hand	por otro lado
to be in flood	estar en inundación
category	categoría
to sell	to sell
direction	dirección
topolect	dialecto local
policy	política
to protect	proteger
to prevent epidemics	prevenir epidemias
defense	defensa
to prevent	prevenir
to prevent and cure	prevenir y curar
spinning and weaving	hilado y tejido
to enlarge	agrandar
to radiate	radiar
to let go one's hold	soltar el agarre
birds and animals	aves y animales
to circle in the air	girar en el aire
to leap	saltar
illegal	ilegales
fertile	fértil
gangster	gánster
to slander	difamar
to abolish	abolir
ruins	ruinas
to boil	hervir
to distinguish	distinguir
propriety	propiedad / decoro
dividend	dividendo
to resolve	resolver
quantity	la cantidad
to split up	separarse
to secrete	secretar
distinct	distintas
divergent	divergente
to scatter	dispersar
to part company	irse por caminos distintos
to tell	to tell
grave	grave
fine powder	polvo fino
pink	rosado
to crush	moler / aplastar
ample	abundante
sumptuous	lujoso
bumper harvest	gran cosecha
storm	tormenta
elegance	elegancia
view	vista
general mood	estado de ánimo general
charm	encanto / hechizo
local conditions and customs	condiciones y costumbres locales
distinctive flavor	sabor distintivo
to close	cerrar
system of enfeoffment	sistema de enfeudamiento
to blockade	bloquear
sharp	afilado / afilado
to meet by chance	encontrarse por casualidad
to offer respectfully	ofrecer respetuosamente
to veto	vetar
to elaborate	detallar / desarrollar
to be convinced	convencido
captive	prisionero
symbol	símbolo
width	width
material benefit	beneficio material
good fortune	buena fortuna
radiation	radiación
to foster	fomentar
lowering and raising of the head	bajar y levantar la cabeza
to assist	asistir / ayudar
corruption	corrupción
to rot	podrirse
corrosion	corrosión
rotten	podrido
to bear	soportar
to agree	estar de acuerdo
enclosure	cercado / recinta
subsidiary	subsidiaria
to revive	revivir
to rejuvenate	rejuvenecer
secondary	secundario
side effect	efecto secundario
well-to-do	adinerado
to assign	asignar
diarrhea	diarrea
to cover	cubrir
a couple	pareja
lady	dama
to improve	mejorar
to affix a seal	poner un sello
to be willing to	estar dispuesto a
embarrassed	avergonzado
to sigh with sorrow, regret etc	suspirar con tristeza, arrepentimiento, etc.
to infect	infectar
drought	sequía
enthusiasm for doing sth	entusiasmo por hacer algo
to interfere	interferir
to meddle	inmiscuirse
to intervene	intervenir
lever	palanca
program	programa
a post	puesto
port	puerto
bay serving as a harbor	bahía que sirve de puerto
excellent	excelente
high tide	marea alta
peak	pico
college entrance exam	examen de ingreso a la universidad
brilliant	brillante
noble	noble
to surge up	ascender repentinamente
piece of writing submitted for publication	pieza de escritura presentada para publicación
to say goodbye	despedirse
to warn	advertir
swelling or lump on skin	hinchazón o bulto en la piel
to cut	cortar
to place	colocar
to sing the praises of	elogiar / ensalzar
structure	estructura
form	forma
misunderstanding	malentendido
to separate	separar
individual	individuo
everyone gives their own view	todos dan su propia opinión
to give	to give
deep-rooted	profundamente arraigado
origin	origen
the front	la parte delantera
to follow	seguir
to follow sb's tracks	seguir las huellas de alguien
arable land	tierra cultivable
to update	actualizar
to correct	corregir
period of time	período de tiempo
handicraft article	artículo artesanal
public security bureau	departamento de seguridad pública
justice	justicia
post	correo / correo postal
public relations	relaciones públicas
citizen	ciudadana
husband's parents	suegros
openly	abiertamente
publicly known	de conocimiento público
formula	fórmula
official business	asuntos oficiales
just	acabo de
notarization	notaría
homework	tarea escolar
contribution	contribución
efficacy	eficacia
to accuse	acusar
to capture	capturar
supply does not meet demand	la oferta no satisface la demanda
to furnish	proveer / equipar
palace	palacio
deferential	respetuoso / deferente
to consolidate	consolidar
republic	república
to sum up to	sumar hasta
to resonate	resonar
to collude with	conspirar con / coludarse con
hook	gancho
to design	diseñar
for the time being	por ahora / momentáneamente
lonely	solitario / lonely
isolated	aislada
to fail to live up	no estar a la altura de
curio	curiosidad / antigüedad
strange	extraño
shareholder	accionista
a share	una parte / cuota
diaphysis	diáfisis
to urge	instar
admittedly	ciertamente / indudablemente
intrinsic to sth	intrínseco a algo
obstinate	obstinado
home	home
malfunction	funcionamiento defectuoso
misgivings	dudas / recelos
adviser	asesor
crutches	muletas
to keep an eye on	vigilar / mantener un ojo puesto
to tour	recorrer / visitar
government	gobierno
to administer	administrar
to implement	implementar
convention	convención
to irrigate	regar / irrigar
can	can
luster	lustre
radiance	resplandor
rays of light	rayos de luz
wide	amplia
after all	después de todo
to return sth	devolver algo
to sum up	para resumir
norm	norm
standard	estándar
to draw up a plan	elaborar un plan
rule	regla
track	pista / rastro
lord	señor / lord
to kneel	arrodillarse
club	club
national defense	defensa nacional
State Council	Consejo de Estado
firm	empresa
excessive	excesivo
to cross over	cruzar / atravesar
to overpraise	exagerar los elogios
to filter	filtrar
error	error
to show an interest in	mostrar interés por
to satisfy a craving	satisfacer un deseo / antojo
too much	demasiado
hi	hi
to restore to the original state	restaurar al estado original
height above sea level	altura sobre el nivel del mar
shore	costa / orilla
ambiguous	ambiguo
meaning	significado
to exchange conventional greetings	intercambiar saludos convencionales
rare	raro
to uphold	mantener / defender
aviation	aviación
space flight	vuelo espacial
to sail	navegar
millimeter	milímetro
not in the least	ni remotamente / ni un poco
bold	audaz
hospitality	hospitalidad
to appeal	apelar
to waste	malgastar
to merge	fusionar
to compose	componer
to accord with	acordar con
to act jointly	actuar conjuntamente
well-fitting	ajustado / bien calzado
worthwhile	valioso / merecedor
nice	agradable
to reconcile	reconciliar
peaceful relations	relaciones pacíficas
friendly	amigable
harmony	armonía
hey	oye
vestige	vestigio
callous	insensible / duro
wishing one could do sth	desear poder hacer algo
to groan	gemir
to cause a sensation	causar sensación
to coax	suavizar / convencer
to bake	hornear
money wrapped in red as a gift	dinero envuelto en rojo como regalo
macro-	macro-
grand	grandioso
deluge	diluvio
the throat	la garganta
to roar	rugir
descendant	descendiente
fears of trouble in the rear	temores de problemas tras las líneas
logistics	logística
candidate	candidato
to whistle	marcar silbo / pitar
to call on	visitar / acudir a
to neglect	descuidar / negligenciar
reckless	imprudente / descuidado
lake	lago
Internet	Internet
petal	pétalo
gorgeous	espléndido / magnífico
overseas Chinese	chinos de ultramar
fertilizer	fertilizante
fossil	fósiles
chemical examination	análisis químico
to put on makeup	maquillarse
to divide up	dividir / repartir
to ruin by overdoing it	arruinar por exceso
microphone	micrófono
pregnant	embarazada
segment	segmento
to ease	aliviar
patient	paciente
gaiety	alegría
desolate	desolado
absurd	absurdo
beyond belief	más allá de lo creíble
in a great rush	con prisa / apurados
dusk	atardecer
to suddenly realize	darse cuenta de repente
to squander money	desperdiciar dinero
splendid	espléndido
return	retorno
to shun	evitar / huir de
to look back	mirar atrás
to recycle	reciclar
remorse	remordimiento
to perish	perecer
to report	informar / reportar
to meet	conocer / encontrarse con
to bribe	sobornar
to lose consciousness	desmayarse / perder el conocimiento
all over	por todos lados
to mix	mezclar
confusion	confusión
to obscure	oscurecer / obscurecer
turbid	turbio
serve sb right	se lo merece
energy	energía
rocket	cohete
blaze	incendio / llama
gunpowder	la pólvora
perhaps	tal vez
currency	moneda
to sneer	escarnecer / reírse
hunger	hambre
locomotive	locomotora
mechanism	mecanismo
gear	engranaje / marchas
clever	listo / ingenioso
classified	clasificado
machine	máquina
opportunity	costo de oportunidad
quick-witted	de ingenio rápido
indication	indicación
industrial or military base	base industrial o militar
fund	fondo / fondo de inversión
gene	gen
to arouse	despertar / suscitar
to motivate	motivar
passion	pasión
at the earliest possible time	lo antes posible
lucky	afortunado
level	nivel
even if	incluso si
on the eve of	en la víspera de
extreme	extremo
limit	límite
seeking instant benefit	buscar beneficio inmediato
rapid	rapid
eager	ansioso / deseoso
anxious for quick results	impaciente por resultados rápidos
irritable	irritable
disease	enfermedad
group	group
to be jealous of	tener celos de
one's native place	patria / lugar de origen
to bother about	preocuparse por
memory	memoria
to write down	tomar nota de / escribir
minutes	minutos
taboo	tabú
technical ability	habilidad técnica
skill	habilidad
quarter of a year	trimestre
third in a race	tercer lugar en una carrera
to inherit	heredar
to follow the past and herald the future	honrar el pasado y anunciar el futuro
quiet	suave
to entrust	confiar
to process	procesar
to intensify	intensificar
to mix together	mezclar juntos
fine food	delicia culinaria
the daily life of a family	la vida cotidiana de una familia
fellow	compañero
family member	miembro de la familia
understood by everyone	comprendido por todos
to suppose	suponer
if	if
sharp pointed end	punta afilada
staunch	inquebrantable / fiel
firmly	firme
tough and durable	resistente y duradero
firm and substantial	firme y sólido
hard	duro
spy	espía
gap	espacio
indirect	indirecto
difficult	difícil
part-time job	trabajo a tiempo parcial
to control	controlar
to monitor	supervisar
prison	cárcel
to choose	elegir
to cut the ribbon	cortar la cinta
to examine or inspect	examinar o inspeccionar
to inspect	inspeccionar
to simplify	simplificar
simple and crude	simple y rudo
simplified character	carácter simplificado
concise	conciso
experienced and knowledgeable	experimentado y conocedor
opinion	opinión
what one has seen and heard	lo que uno ha visto y oído
to see what is right and act courageously	ver lo correcto y actuar con valentía
robust	robusto
warship	barco de guerra
to splash	salpicar
to trample	aplastar
to differentiate	diferenciar
to appraise	evaluar
in view of	a la luz de
almost	casi
general	general
stiff	rígido
to reward	recompensar
prize	premio
oar	remo
to descend	descender
to cross	cruzar
to give instructions	dar instrucciones
to negotiate	negociar
to associate	asociar
to deal	repartir (cartas)
delicate	delicado
focal point	punto focal
anxiety	ansiedad
nook	rincon
to stir	remover
to pay	pagar
to pit oneself against sb	enfrentarse a alguien
to educate	educar
social class	clase social
all	todos
on end	de pie / verticalmente
to bring to light	poner en evidencia
to unmask	desenmascarar
rhythm	ritmo
outstanding	sobresaliente
to crystallize	cristalizar
conclusion	conclusión
to settle a bill	liquidar una cuenta
up to	hasta
to spare no effort	no escatimar esfuerzos
to remove	eliminar
to fire	despedir
to dissect	disecar
to disband	disolver
to break up into components	descomponer en componentes
to take precautions	tomar precauciones
dividing line	línea divisoria
to draw on	apoyarse en
to draw support from	obtener apoyo de
banking	bancario
with keen interest	con gran interés
as quickly as possible	tan rápido como sea posible
inseparably close	inseparablemente cercano
pressing	urgente
bright future	futuro brillante
enthusiasm	entusiasmo
recently	recientemente
shortsighted	de corta vista
and then	y luego
to assault	atacar
evolution	evolución
to make headway	avanzar
to promote to a higher position	ascender a un puesto más alto
to steep	remujar / infusionar
funds	fondos
to trade	comerciar / negociar
warp and woof	la trama y el urdimbre
stalk	palo de caza
to alarm	alarmar
to be amazed	quedarse asombrado
amazed	asombrado
conscientious	conscienzudo
meticulous planning and careful accounting	planificación meticulosa y contabilidad cuidadosa
best feature	mejor característica
to reduce	reducir
accuracy	exactitud
accurate	precisa
to be proficient in	ser competente en
with utmost care	con sumo cuidado
to perfect sth that is already outstanding	perfeccionar algo que ya es sobresaliente
fine	fino
a well	un pozo
cervical vertebra	vértebra cervical
to admonish	amonestar
to be on the alert	estar alerta
to compete	competir
to take part in an election	participar en unas elecciones
to salute	saludar
state	estado
camera lens	lente de cámara
dispute	disputa
to make right	corregir
alcohol	alcohol
emergency relief	socorro de emergencia
nearby	cerca
to get a job	conseguir trabajo
to take office	tomar posesión del cargo
to reside	residir
to detain	detener
to restrict	restringir
to bow	inclinarse
part	parte
aspect	aspecto
state of affairs	estado de las cosas
to limit	limitar
to chew	masticar
dispirited	desanimado
act	acto
world-famous	famoso en todo el mundo
to receive worldwide attention	recibir atención mundial
to play a critical role	cumplir un papel crucial
script for play, opera, movie etc	guion para obra de teatro, ópera, película, etc.
violent	violento
according to reports	según informes
to concentrate one's attention	concentrar la atención
strategic decision	decisión estratégica
to despair	desesperar
to come to understand	llegar a comprender
to awaken	despertar
armed forces	fuerzas armadas
cartoon	caricatura
to extract	extraer
to expel	expulsar
open	abrir
spacious and well-lit	amplio y bien iluminado
enlightened	ilustrado
to open up	abrir
boiled water	agua hervida
to break new ground	abrir nuevos caminos
to launch	lanzar
expenditures	gastos
to carry a story	llevar una noticia
publication	publicación
to prospect	explorar
to look upon	considerar
to pay a visit to	visitar
vehement	vehemente
to carry on the shoulder	llevar al hombro
to observe and study	observar y estudiar
archaeology	arqueología
to examine	examinar
to test	evaluar
to draw close to	acercarse a
academic subject	materia académica
kernel	núcleo
to bump	chocar / golpear
repulsive	repulsivo
considerable	considerable
tasty	tasty
funny	gracioso
feasible	factible
to thirst for	sediento de
to brook no delay	no tolerar demoras
client	cliente
task	tarea
earnest	serio
to gnaw	raer / morder
pit	foso
blank space	espacio en blanco
cavity	cavidad
unprecedented and never to be duplicated	sin precedentes y nunca antes visto
crack	grieta
daydream	ensueño
hollow	hueco
hole	agujero
to be frightened	quedar asustado
to threaten	amenazar
tone of voice	tono de voz
oral cavity	cavidad oral
oral	oral
voice	voz
used up	consumida
dry and dull	seco y aburrido
bitterness finishes, sweetness begins	la amargura termina, la dulzura comienza
to carry over the arm	llevar bajo el brazo
to step across	saltar por encima
happy	happy
spacious	amplio
to entertain	entretener
pattern	patrón
frame	marco
basket	cesta
moreover	además
to play truant	faltar a clase
to treat sb unfairly	tratar injustamente a alguien
loss	loss
insect	insecto
to bind	atar / ligar
to expand	expandir
to diffuse	difundir
expansion	expansión
horn	cuerno
sound of singing, cheering etc	sonido de canto, aclamación, etc.
history	historia
source	fuente
regular column or segment	columna o segmento regular
idle	ocioso
in a difficult situation	en una situación difícil
to read aloud	leer en voz alta
to fish up	extraer del agua
secure	seguro
discontent	malestar
to prattle	charlar
a musical score	partitura musical
delight	alegría
to be willing to do sth	estar dispuesto a hacer algo
radar	radar
similar	similar
cold	frío
unfeeling	insensible
to cool	enfriar
to look distracted	parecer distraído
dawn	amanecer
etiquette	etiqueta
milestone	hito
to heed	hacer caso a
as it should be by rights	como corresponde por derecho
in the right and self-confident	en lo justo y seguro
reason	la razón
as far as one's capabilities extend	según sus capacidades
to try hard to	esforzarse por
to work hard for	trabajar duro por
successive generations	generaciones sucesivas
throughout history	a lo largo de la historia
position	la posición
overpass	puente elevado
three-dimensional	tridimensional
to stand	pararse
terrible	terrible
interest rates	tasas de interés
exception	excepción
successive years	años sucesivos
to interlock	entrelazar
together with	junto con
to have a get-together	reunirse
to get in touch with	ponerse en contacto con
alliance	alianza
to make an associative connection	establecer una conexión asociativa
incorruptible	incorruptible
conscience	conciencia
mutual understanding	entendimiento mutuo
to dry in the air	secar al aire
vast	vasto
a list	una lista
clinical	clínico
to drench	empapar
stingy	tacaño
inspiration	inspiración
soul	alma
smart	inteligente
very early in the morning	muy temprano en la mañana
fragmentary	fragmentario
to understand	to understand
consulate	consulado
territory	territorio
to grasp	agarrar
to lead	liderar
leader	líder
witty	ingenioso
to slip away	escaparse
to drift about	derivar / vagar
to show by means of one's actions, tone of voice etc	demostrar mediante acciones, tono de voz, etc.
rogue	rogue
to circulate	circular
reluctant to leave	reacio a partir
to keep as a souvenir	guardar como recuerdo
to be careful	tener cuidado
to envelop	envolver
deaf and dumb	sordo y mudo
ceremonious	formal
to monopolize	monopolizar
to hug	abrazar
stove	estufa
repeatedly	repetidamente
to fulfill	cumplir
to command	mandar
steamship	barco de vapor
an outline	esquema
tire	neumático
forum	foro
to prove a point	demostrar un punto
screw	tornillo
continuously	continuamente
to complete a construction project	finalizar una obra de construcción
practical	práctico
paralysis	parálisis
numb	adormecido
anesthesia	anestesia
dock	muelle
modal particle	partícula modal
to ambush	emboscar
to engulf	devorar / absorber
to grumble	quejarse
to bury	enterrar
to take a step	dar un paso
pulse	pulso
slow and patient	lento y paciente
caricature	caricatura
very long	muy largo
to spread	extender
busy	busy
blind	ciego
boundless	sin límites
blankly	vacuamente
lush	exuberante
to feign	fingir
at one's wit's end	sin recursos
measure word for coins and medals	contador para monedas y medallas
intermediary	intermediario
media, esp. news media	medios de comunicación, especialmente medios de noticias
pleasing to the eye	agradable a la vista
blissful	felicidad
beautiful	hermoso
outpatient service	servicio ambulatorio
to sprout	brotar
to fool	engañar
fierce	feroz
to dream of	soñar con
to narrow one's eyes	entrecerrar los ojos
to complement	complementar
to pervade	impregnar / invadir
to puzzle	confundir / perplejar
fascinating	fascinante
to lose one's way	perderse
superstition	superstición
density	densidad
to seal up	cerrar herméticamente
so as not to	a fin de no
immunity	inmunidad
to encourage	animar
to do with difficulty	hacer con dificultad
face	cara
outer surface	superficie exterior
to describe	describir
minute	minute
to be destroyed	ser destruido
to loathe	despreciar / aborrecer
among the people	entre el pueblo
civilian use	uso civil
sensitive	sensible
nimble	ágil
keen	ánimo / intenso
position in a ranking of names	posición en un ranking de nombres
quota	cuota
not just in name only, but also in reality	no solo en nombre, sino también en realidad
fame	fama
obviously	obviamente
to give a name to	poner nombre a
to feel about	sentir algo por
fine example	buen ejemplo
mode	moda
mold	moho / molde
appearance	apariencia
membrane	membrana
friction	fricción
to break in	introducir / romper (un hábito o resistencia)
devil	diablo
magic	magia
to erase	borrar
baffling	incomprensible / desconcertante
ink	tinta
in silence	en silencio
to seek	buscar
native language	lengua materna
to witness	testimoniar / presenciar
gaze	mirada / mirada fija
to take a bath	bañarse
nonverbal grunt as interjection	sonido gutural sin palabras como interjección
expert in	experto en
puzzled	perplejo / confundido
durable	durable
seldom	rara vez
hard to take	difícil de soportar
hard to avoid	difícil de evitar
rare and precious	raro y precioso
annoyed	molesto
meaningful content	contenido significativo
inside story	historia detrás de escena
inner	interna
capabilities	capacidades
to draw up	elaborar / redactar
year	año
to pinch	apretar / pellizcar
would rather	preferiría
would prefer to	preferiría hacer
to twist	torcer / retorcer
to solidify	solidificar
to condense	condensar
to gaze at	mirar fijamente
to reverse	invertir
button	botón
the traditional Chinese calendar	el calendario tradicional chino
thick	grueso
slave	esclavo
to mistreat	maltratar
to shift	cambiar de lugar / desplazar
oh	oh
Europe	Europa
to beat up	golpear / pegar
to vomit	vomitar
to lie on one's stomach	tumbado boca abajo
to pace back and forth	andar de un lado para otro
to reject	rechazar
to rule out	descartar / excluir
to arrange in order	organizar en orden
sect	secta
to send	enviar
to climb	escalar / subir
to spiral	espiralarse
to pass judgment on	emitir un juicio sobre
riverside	ribera / orilla del río
huge	enorme
to abandon	abandonar
foam	espuma
job training	entrenamiento laboral
to train	entrenar
to allocate	asignar / distribuir
spouse	cónyuge / esposo(a)
to form a complete set	formar un conjunto completo
basin	tazón
cooking	cocina / cocinar
to hold in both hands	sostener con ambas manos
wholesale	mayoreo / al por mayor
to criticize	criticar
to hack	hackear / penetrar
leather	cuero
beaten	batido / aplastado
to tire	cansar / fatigar
buttocks	nalgas / trasero
for example	por ejemplo
bias	sesgo
prejudice	Prejuicio
remote	remoto / lejano
unfortunately	desafortunadamente
section	sección
short period of time	breve periodo de tiempo
to wave	agitar / saludar con la mano
to float	flotar
to go all out	esforzarse al máximo
to do one's utmost	hacer lo posible
impoverished	empobrecido / pobre
poverty	pobreza
frequently	frecuentemente
frequency	frecuencia
to taste a small amount	probar una pequeña cantidad
moral character	carácter moral
behavior	comportamiento
character	carácter
commonplace	cotidiano / común
plane	plano
even	uniforme
parallel	paralelo
field	campo
to evaluate	evaluar
to comment on	comentar sobre
barrier	barrera
slope	pendiente
rather	más bien / mejor
impatient	impaciente
to persecute	persecutir
to make an exception	hacer una excepción
courage	coraje
to spill	derramar / volcar
to throw oneself at	lanzarse contra / entregarse ciegamente a
plain	plain
to spread extensively	extendirse extensamente
to spread out	dispersarse / expandirse
waterfall	cascada
exposure	exposición
mournful	melancólico / lúgubre
to have expectations	tener expectativas
time limit	límite de tiempo
to bully	acosar / acosar
to deceive	engañar / defraudar
complete	completo
to work with a common purpose	trabajar con un propósito común
fantastic	fantástico
to discriminate against	discriminar contra
Chinese-style dress	traje estilo chino
ensign	estandarte / insignia
beggar	mendigo
how can this be so?	¿cómo puede ser esto?
to set out on a journey	partir de viaje
to enlighten	iluminar
announcement	anuncio
to make a draft	redactar un borrador
originally	originalmente
to move up and down	moverse arriba y abajo
to heckle	interrogar desde la platea / molestar al público
at the minimum	como mínimo
uprising	levantamiento / insurrección
to originate	originarse / proceder de
lofty quality	calidad elevada / nobleza
qigong	qigong
spirit	espíritu
complexion	tez / color de piel
imposing manner	manera imponente
odor	olor
meteorological feature	fenómeno meteorológico
atmospheric pressure	presión atmosférica
so far	hasta ahora
equipment	equipamiento
organ	órgano
to pick	recoger / escoger
appropriate	apropiado
it's just perfect	es simplemente perfecto
by chance	por casualidad
to discuss	discutir
by every possible means	por todos los medios posibles
to yield	rendir / producir
to migrate	migrar
to involve	implicar / envolver
to curb	reprimir / contener
humble	humilde
to agree to and sign	aceptar y firmar
to sign	firmar
foreground	primer plano
premise	premisa
potential	potencial
to dive	sumergirse / bucear
imperceptible influence	influencia imperceptible
to denounce	denunciar
to compel	obligar / compelir
to coerce	coaccionar
to rob	robar
to rescue	rescatar
bridge	puente
to stick up	pegar / adherir
realistic	realista
to chip away at a task and not abandon it	trabajar con constancia en una tarea y no abandonarla
affectionate	afectuoso / cariñoso
personal	personal
to infringe on	violación / vulnerar
to admire	admirar
hardworking and frugal	laborioso y frugal
diligent and attentive	diligente y atento
hydrogen	hidrógeno
easy	fácil
to listen attentively	escuchar atentamente
trend	tendencia
to incline	inclinarse
limpid	límpido / transparente
early morning	temprano por la mañana
to clear away	alejar / apartar
clean	limpia
to clear up	aclarar / resolver
clear	borrar
clear-headed	con mente clara
Islamic	islámico
information	información
plot of a story	argumento / trama de una historia
sense	sentido
circumstances	circunstancias
sunny and cloudless	soleado y despejado
invitation card	tarjeta de invitación
to ask for guidance	pedir orientación
to ask for instructions	pedir instrucciones
written invitation	invitación escrita
hills	colinas
to draw a distinction	establecer una distinción
area	área
winding	sinuoso / retorcido
poem for singing	poema para cantar
to deport	deportar / expulsar
to surrender	renderse / rendir
irrigation ditch	canal de riego
to suppress	suprimir / reprimir
fun	diversión / diversión
trap	trampa
overall situation	situación general
to do at all costs	hacerlo a toda costa
to consider	considerar
authority	autoridad
rights	derechos
fist	puño
dog	dog
nick	mordida / muesca
to be absent	estar ausente
defect	defecto
lame	cojo / cojear
to ensure	garantizar / asegurar
to institute	instituir
definite	definitivo
to be sure	asegurarse / tener la certeza
mass	masa
to dye	teñir
to concede	conceder
to forgive	perdonar
to perturb	perturbar / alterar
to stir up trouble	armar problemas / causar disturbios
eyes brimming with tears of excitement	ojos llenos de lágrimas de emoción
popular	populares
human sympathy	simpatía humana
personality	personalidad
artificial	artificial
household	hogar
the human world	el mundo humano
person	persona
man-made	hecho por el hombre
human nature	naturaleza humana
hostage	rehén
benevolent	benévolo
to endure	soportar / resistir
to put up with	aguantar / tolerar
to maintain	mantener
to approve	aprobar
to appoint	nombrar / designar
willful	terco / voluntarioso
any	cualquier
a heavy load and a long road	carga pesada y camino largo
still	still
daily renewal, monthly change	renovación diaria, cambio mensual
day by day	día a día
one's appearance	apariencia personal
to hold	sostener / mantener
receptacle	contenedor / receptáculo
to tolerate	tolerar
to dissolve	disolver
friendly relations	relaciones amistosas
gentle	gentle
to knead	amasar / amoldar
a certain number or amount	cierto número o cantidad
weak point	punto débil
to tell lies	mentir
cheek	mejilla
triangle	triángulo
to disseminate	diseminar
to distribute	distribuir
prose	prosa
to forfeit	perder / renunciar a
older brother's wife	esposa del hermano mayor
tint	matiz / tinte
to brake	frenar
an instant	un instante
what	qué
to sift	tamizar / cribar
mountain range	cordillera
flickering	parpadeante / titubeante
to be good at	ser hábil en
without permission	sin permiso
to be a real headache	ser una verdadera pesadilla
trademark	marca registrada
higher authorities	autoridades superiores
motivation	motivación
previous	anterior / previo
to get into a habit	adquirir un hábito
upper reaches	tramos altos / cabecera
to bring along	llevar consigo / traer
tip of branch	punta de la rama
whistle	silbo / silbato
luxurious	lujo / lujoso
to set up	establecer / montar
to imagine	imaginar
to install	instalar
community	comunidad
to touch upon	tocar / mencionar superficialmente
to absorb	absorber
°C	°C
to declare	declarar
to moan	gemir / quejarse
gentleman	gentleman
profound	profundo
deep	profundo
deep friendship	amistad profunda
magical	mágico
cocky	arrogante / presumido
look on one's face	mirar la cara de uno
facial expression	expresión facial
divine	divino
demeanor	comportamiento / actitud
Daoist immortal	inmortal taoísta
to investigate	investigar
to hear	oír / escuchar
esthetics	estética
a trial	un juicio / proceso legal
to permeate	impregnar / atravesar
cautious	cauteloso
to exist	to exist
opportunity to live	oportunidad de vivir
physiology	fisiología
unfamiliar	desconocido / ajeno
ecology	ecología
organism	organismo
to take effect	entrar en vigor / surtir efecto
to rust	oxidarse
to give birth	dar a luz
to state	declarar / expresar
fame and power	fama y poder
reputation	reputación
domesticated animals	animales domésticos
provincial capital	capital provincial
victory or defeat	victoria o derrota
to ladle	servir con cuchara
to produce in abundance	producir en abundancia
blooming	florecido
great kindness	gran bondad
to be in vogue	estar de moda
dead body	cadáver
lapse	lapsus
to be missing	faltar
teacher-training	formación docente
to exert	ejercer
to use fully	utilizar plenamente
hundred percent	cien por ciento
oil	óleo
time difference	diferencia horaria
often	a menudo
occasionally	ocasionalmente
time	tiempo
opportune moment	momento oportuno
current trends	tendencias actuales
fashion	moda
tangible benefit	beneficio tangible
strength	fuerza
to carry out	llevar a cabo
to seek truth from facts	partir de los hechos para buscar la verdad
substance	sustancia
mission	misión
for many generations	por muchas generaciones
worldview	visión del mundo
to demonstrate	demostrar
a demonstration	una demostración
to indicate	indicar
accident	accidente
deed	hecho
event	evento
situation	situación
affairs	asuntos
matter	materia
undertaking	empresa / emprender
undoubtedly will	sin duda lo hará
power	potencia
vision	visión
line of sight	línea de visión
field of view	campo visual
to attempt	intentar
experiment	experimento
right and wrong	lo correcto y lo incorrecto
suitable	adecuado
to pass away	fallecer
to set free	poner en libertad
to discern	discernir
to pick up	recoger / tomar algo
to collect	reunir / recoger
to pull back	retirarse / retroceder
earnings	ingresos
radio	radio
technique	técnica
gesture	gesto
craftmanship	artesanía
to guard	guardar / custodiar
the most important	lo más importante
hardships	dificultades
to award	conceder / otorgar
calligraphy	caligrafía
books	libros
secretary	secretario / secretaria
in writing	por escrito
to overlook	pasar por alto
entirely free from worry	totalmente libre de preocupaciones
bunch	ramo / manojo
to tie	atar
to establish	establecer
vertical	vertical
to count	contar
amount	cantidad
number	número
to play with	jugar con
to age	envejecer
to decline	rechazar
to rinse	enjuagar
twin	gemelo
refreshed	actualizado
water conservancy	conservación de agua
faucet	grifo
cement	cemento
judicial	judicial
commanding officer	oficial al mando
private	private
to long for	anhelar
to think deeply	reflexionar profundamente
thought	pensamiento
train of thought	secuencia de pensamiento
refined	refinado
to die	morir
the four limbs of the body	las cuatro extremidades del cuerpo
to raise	criar / levantar
absolutely unrestrained	absolutamente sin restricciones
to shrug	encogerse de hombros
to search	buscar
measure word for ships	contador de clase para barcos
to come to	recuperar el conocimiento
common saying	dicho popular
vegetarian food	comida vegetariana
inner quality	calidad interna
to model	modelar
lawsuit	demanda judicial
let it be	que así sea
to count numbers	contar números
presently	pronto / actualmente
to on one's person	llevar consigo
conveniently	cómodamente
as one wishes	a voluntad
years	años
tunnel	túnel
to damage	dañar
to ask for compensation	reclamar compensación
you might as well	no tienes nada que perder si...
to collapse	colapsar
firmly-based	firmemente establecido
stage presence, poise	presencia escénica, compostura
outer space	el espacio exterior
distinguished figure	figura distinguida
avaricious	un malvado
to be corrupt	corromperse
vendor's stand	puesto de venta
be paralyzed	quedar paralizado
honest	honesto
to sigh	suspirar
to probe	sondear
to explore	explorar
to probe into	indagar sobre
to visit	visitar
candied fruit skewer	brocheta de frutas confitadas
supposing	suponiendo que / supuesta caso
to fish out	extraer a rascacielos
unceasing torrent	torrencial incesante
pottery and porcelain	cerámica y porcelana
naughty	travieso
to wash out	lavar hasta quitar
to haggle over price	regatear precio
special	especial
characteristic	característico
personal strength	fuerza personal
to promote to a higher job	ascender a un puesto superior
to refine	refinar
to point out	señalar
proposal	propuesta
subject matter	temática
to empathize	empatizar
dignity	dignidad
system	sistema
talent	talento
family love and joy	amor y alegría familiar
natural gas	gas natural
nature	la naturaleza
paradise	paraíso
astronomy	astronomía
track and field	atletismo
to lick	lamer
to incite disharmony	incitar a la disharmonía
picky	caprichoso / exigente
to provoke	provocar
clause	cláusula
order	orden
treaty	tratado
to bound	saltar / saltar hacia arriba
pavilion	pabellón
to halt	detenerse
to anchor	anclar
stagnation	estancamiento
tall and straight	alto y recto
exchange of goods	intercambio de bienes
common	común
to use anywhere, anytime	usar en cualquier lugar y momento
born of the same parents	nacidos de los mismos padres
comrade	compañero
copper mine	mina de cobre
children's fairy tales	cuentos de hadas infantiles
an overall plan taking into account all factors	plan integral que tenga en cuenta todos los factores
statistics	estadísticas
totally	totalmente
to speculate	especular
surrender	rendición
to vote	votar
to throw sth a long distance	lanzar algo a larga distancia
bald	calvo
to break through	romper a través
design	diseño
apprentice	aprendiz
way	camino
soil	suelo
to paint	pintar
to unite	unir
organization	organización
to have a reunion	reunirse
speculation	especulación
to overthrow	derrocar
reasoning	razonamiento
to infer	inferir
to market	commercializar
to swallow	tragar
to consign	consignar / entregar
to delay	retrasar
to separate oneself from	separarse de
properly done	bien hecho
proper	apropiado
to compromise	comprometerse
oval	ovalado
spittle	baba / saliva
to excavate	excavar
baby	bebé
to disintegrate	desintegrarse
wow	¡guau!
to distort	distorsionar
external	externas
the outside world	el mundo exterior
extroverted	extrovertido
layman	profano
pill	pastilla
faultless	impecable
to finish	terminar
to toy with	jugar con
toy	juguetear
stubborn	terco
tenacious	tenaz
to retrieve	recuperar
to save	ahorrar
to regret	lamentar
very much	mucho
network	roja
usual	habitual
past events	sucesos pasados
to attempt vainly	intentar en vano
crisis	crisis
might	might
formidable power	poder formidable
prestige	prestigio
trust	confianza
negligible	despreciables
micro-	micro-
to go against	ir contra
only	solo
to keep	mantener
vitamin	vitamina
maintenance	mantenimiento
to forge	forjar
committee member	miembro del comité
satellite	satélite
to feel embarrassed or awkward	sentirse avergonzado o incómodo
by	by
head	cabeza
unavoidably	inevitablemente
to be located at	estar ubicado en
to fear	temer
appetite	apetito
to express sympathy	expresar simpatía
temperate zone	zona templada
mild	templado / suave
diploma	diploma
cultural relic	relicto cultural
document	documento
elegant	elegante
literature and art	literatura y arte
to be published	ser publicado
nest	nido
jet-black	negro azabache
to smear	untar
to entrap	atraer a una trampa
incomparable	inigualable
free	free
without any sense of shame	sin ningún sentido de vergüenza
not to have access	no tener acceso
aloof	alejado / distante
nothing else	nada más
dispirited and downcast	desanimado y abatido
"no comment"	"sin comentarios"
have no way out	no tener salida
hoodlum	malhechor
to make trouble without reason	cazar problemas sin razón
impotent	impotente
endless	inalcanzable / interminable
in every possible way	de todas las maneras posibles
carefree and without worries	sin preocupaciones y despreocupado
ignorant	ignorante
martial arts chivalry	caballería marcial
arms	armas
to insult	insultar
dance	baile
do not	no hacer
good quality and cheap	buena calidad y barato
goods	bienes
difference	diferencia
to misunderstand	malinterpretar
must	deber / tener que
pragmatic	pragmático
sunset	atardecer
to draw	dibujar
former days	antiguos tiempos
to sacrifice one's life	sacrificar su vida
creek	arroyo
to stop burning	apagar
knee	rodilla
custom	costumbre
attack	ataque
daughter-in-law	yerno / nuera
to love to hear and see	gustar ver y escuchar
joyous	alegre
series	serie
cell	pila
bacterium	bacteria
careful	cuidadoso
canyon	cañón
narrow-minded	de mente cerrada
narrow	estrecho
rosy clouds	nubes rosadas
subordinate	subordinado
summer camp	campestre
advanced	avanzadas
before	antes
fiber	fibra
to lift	levantar
bright	bright
casual conversation	charla casual
instrument string	cuerda de instrumento
virtuous	virtuoso
to link up	conectar
to dislike	desagradar
suspicion	sospecha
notable	destacado
the scene	la escena
ready-made	listo / ya hecho
current situation	situación actual
trail	rastro / sendero
constitution	constitución
to frame	formar marco
to sink into	hundirse en
filling	relleno
village	aldea
to differ	diferir
equal	iguales
to complement one another	complementarse mutuamente
answering	respondiendo
to inlay	incrustar
loud and clear	fuerte y claro
to respond to	responder a
to think up every possible method	inventar todos los métodos posibles
guide	guía
always	siempre
to yearn for	anhelar
lane	callejón / carril estrecho
to eliminate	eliminar
to disinfect	desinfectar
firefighting	combate de incendios
to use up	agotar
negative	negativa
to destroy	destruir
cautious and solemn	cautela y solemnidad
portrait	retrato
benefit	beneficio
an association	una asociación
to consult with	consultar con
agreement	concordancia
to provide assistance	brindar asistencia
to carry	llevar
to write	to write
to leak	fugarse / gotear
to be discouraged	desanimarse
crumbs	migajas
to refuse politely	rechazar educadamente
what one has learned	lo aprendido
heart	corazón
attitude	actitud
to love dearly	amar profundamente
heart's blood	sangre del corazón
one's thoughts	los pensamientos de uno
hardworking	trabajador / laborioso
to be gratified	estar satisfecho
flourishing	próspero
metabolism	metabolismo
bridegroom	novio
bride	novia
novel and original	novedoso y original
salary	salario
to trust	confiar
faith	fe
to believe in	creer en
distinction	distinción
fishy	sospechoso
criminal	criminal
formation	formación
administration	administración
shape	forma
happy and excited	feliz y emocionado
thriving	en auge
to prosper	prosperar
to become exhilarated	euforizar
fortunately	afortunadamente
sex appeal	encanto sexual
life	life
function	función
temperament	temperamento
ferocious	feroz
murderer	asesino
one's bosom	el seno de alguien
chest	pecho
substantial	sustancial
to recuperate	recuperarse
to restore	restablecer
to build	construir
to repair	reparar
shame	vergüenza
to embroider	bordar
sense of smell	sentido del olfato
key information	información clave
false	falso
vanity	vanidad
hypocritical	hipócrita
requirement	requisito
to allow	permitir
preface	prefacio
heavy drinking	beber en exceso
to swear an oath	jurar un juramento
to publicize	publicitar
to hang	colgar
suspense in a movie, play etc	suspenso en una película, obra de teatro, etc.
sheer cliffs and precipitous rock faces	acantilados escarpados y paredes rocosas precipiciosas
melody	melodía
to rotate	rotar
to select the best	seleccionar lo mejor
athlete	atleta
to weaken	debilitar
educational background	formación académica
theory	teoría
academic degree	título académico
to make matters even worse	empeorar las cosas aún más
blood pressure	presión arterial
to seep in	infiltrarse
to look for	buscar
to patrol	patrullar
to cycle	ciclar
in sequence, step by step	en secuencia, paso a paso
to oppress	oprimir
New Year's gift money	dinero de regalo Año Nuevo
to compress	comprimir
to constrain or repress emotions	refrenar o reprimir emociones
to press	presionar
to inhibit	inhibir
deposit	depósito
second place	segundo lugar
fireworks	fuegos artificiales
to submerge	sumergir
to postpone	posponer
to extend	extender
to continue	continuar
bitter cold	frío gélido
to strictly prohibit	prohibir estrictamente
grim	sombrío
severe	grave
strict	estricto
expression of opinion	expresión de opinión
rock	roca
coastal	costero
blistering hot	caluroso en extremo
to conceal	ocultar
to screen	filtrar
to cover up	tapar
insight	perspicacia
signal made with one's eyes	señal hecha con la mirada
look in the eyes	mirar a los ojos
now	ahora
to evolve	evolucionar
lecture	clase magistral
maneuver	maniobra
to unfold	desplegarse
to perform on a musical instrument	tocar un instrumento musical
to hate	odiar
to inspect and accept	inspeccionar y aceptar
to inspect and verify	inspeccionar y verificar
oxygen	oxígeno
sample	muestra
rumor	rumor
to sway	balancear
rock 'n' roll	rock 'n' roll
to rock	balancear
remote control	control remoto
distant	lejano
to gnash one's teeth	apretar los dientes
otherwise	de otro modo
main point	punto principal
to cause sb's death	causar la muerte de alguien
essential factor	factor esencial
to dazzle	deslumbrar
barbarous	bárbaro
ambition	ambición
for a time	por un tiempo
propitious wind throughout the journey	viento propicio durante todo el viaje
consistent	coherente
one move, two gains	un movimiento, dos ganancias
top quality	calidad superior
same	mismo
obvious at a glance	obvio a simple vista
just as in the past	igual que en el pasado
not one thread loose	sin un solo hilo suelto
a period of time in the recent past	un periodo de tiempo en el pasado reciente
again and again	una y otra vez
clothes	clothes
in order	en orden
as before	como antes
according to	según
to rely on sth	confiar en algo
to depend on	depender de
to rely on	fiar en
instrument	instrumento
ceremony	ceremonia
heritage	patrimonio
heredity	herencia genética
to leave behind	dejar atrás
to lose	perder
to doubt	dudar
so that	para que
in order to avoid	con el fin de evitar
in the past	en el pasado
down to	hasta
to such an extent as to	tan como para
also	también
extremely	extremadamente
to keep down	mantener bajo control
to anticipate	anticipar
consciousness	conciencia
intent	intención
to signify	significar
intention	intención
will	will
perseverance	perseverancia
resolutely	resueltamente
wing	ala
to conspire	conspirar
sound	sonido
to conduct	realizar / llevar a cabo
engine	motor
to quote	citado
eating and drinking	comer y beber
to hide	esconder
a danger concealed within sth	un peligro oculto dentro de algo
to cover up the truth	ocultar la verdad
secrets	secretos
faint	débil
to print	imprimir
to engage in social activities	participar en actividades sociales
at sb's invitation	a invitación de alguien
wise	sabio
heroic	heroico
infant	infante
directly	directamente
profit	ganancia
fluorescent screen	pantalla fluorescente
to endorse	respaldar / apoyar
to have	to have
vulgar	vulgar
eternal	eterno
to dare to	atreverse a
to emerge in large numbers	emergir en gran número
enthusiastically	entusiásticamente
diligent	diligente
user	usuario
survival of the fittest	supervivencia del más apto
to have priority	tener prioridad
exceptional	excepcional
superior	superior
sullen	huraño
similar to	similar a
greasy food	comida grasienta
oil paints	óleos
regular and thorough	regular y exhaustivo
young	joven
to entice	atraer
fisherman	pescador
silly	tonto
uneducated	analfabeto
public opinion	opinión pública
to increase steadily	aumentar constantemente
to impose	imponer
down-filled garment	prenda acolchada con plumón
to forecast	pronosticar
to expect	esperar
preliminary competition	competencia preliminar
budget	presupuesto
beforehand	de antemano
to predict	predecir
omen	presentimiento
desire	deseo
fable	fábula
the more	cuanto más
to accuse wrongly	acusar injustamente
head of state	jefe de estado
element	elemento
Lantern Festival	Festival de las Linternas
gardens	jardines
complainant	demandante
principle	principio
first	primero
original	original
satisfactory	satisfactorio
fountainhead	fuente originaria
to limit to	limitar a
wife's father, father-in-law	padre de la esposa, cuñado
to be pregnant	estar embarazada
to perform calculations	realizar cálculos
to move along one's course	avanzar por su curso
to ferment	fermentar
to iron	planchar
to contain	contener
acrobatics	acrobacias
to hybridize	hijuestar
to smash	estropiciar
how come	¿cómo es que?
disaster	catástrofe
to cultivate	cultivar
to slaughter	masacrar
to continue the struggle	continuar la lucha
to care about	importar
to mind	importar / preocuparse por
to save up	ahorrar
for now	por ahora
to exclaim in admiration	exclamar con admiración
to approve of	aprobar
to praise	elogiar
to support	apoyar
to sustain	sostener
to suffer a calamity	sufrir una calamidad
to meet with	encontrarse con
to defile	profanar
to revolt	sublevarse
to shape	dar forma
rumble	rugido
to blame	culpar
thief	ladrón
to add	añadir
to present as a gift	presentar como regalo
to prick	pinchar
strong	fuerte
residue	residuo
to blink	parpadear
to defraud	estafar
summary	resumen
bond	bond
to bask in the light	bañarse en la luz
to pay homage	rendir homenaje
resolute and decisive	resuelto y decisivo
to show	mostrar
outlook	perspectiva
to reveal	revelar
brand new	totalmente nuevo
to occupy	ocupar
to seize	apoderarse de / agarrar
to own	poseer
to engage in combat	combatir
strategy	estrategia
tactics	tácticas
military campaign	campaña militar
rules	descarta
one's elders	ancianos de uno
tent	tienda de campaña
obstruction	obstrucción
to hire	alquilar
bid inviting and bid offering	oferta de licitación y oferta de compra
marsh	pantano
to tend	cuidar
as usual	como de costumbre
to shine	brillar
to look after	cuidar de
to shelter	cobijar
to fold	doblar
to torment	atormentar
to toss from side to side	moverse de un lado a otro
to be fascinated	quedar fascinado
to put one's hand to it	ponerse manos a la obra
to give thought	reflexionar
to put emphasis on	hacer hincapié en
literary work	obra literaria
detective	detectivo
precious	precioso
precious and uncommon	precioso y raro
pearl	perla
the truth about sth	la verdad sobre algo
sincerity	sinceridad
to deliberate	deliberar
front	frontal
troop arrangement	disposición de tropas
to stir oneself up	animarse
to revitalize	revitalizar
unperturbed	imperturbable
cool	fríos
suppression	represión
to shock	impactar
controversy	polémica
to fight over	discutir por
to work hard for sth	trabajar duro por algo
striving to be first and fearing to be last	aspirar a ser el primero y temer ser el último
to dispute	controversiar
to conquer	conquistar
to levy	imponer (impuesto)
to struggle	luchar
to evaporate	evaporarse
to tidy up	ordenar
reasonable	razonable
positive and negative	positivo y negativo
regular	regular
decent	decente
healthy atmosphere	atmósfera saludable
righteousness	rectitud
first month of the lunar year	primer mes del año lunar
to confirm	confirmar
credentials	credenciales
serious	serio
regime	régimen
symptom	síntoma
to prop up	sostener
to spend	gastar
tributary	afluente
to dominate	dominar
to back	respaldar
mainstay	pilar fundamental
branch	rama
perception	percepción
satisfied with what one has	contento con lo que se tiene
fat	grasa
to broadcast live	transmitir en vivo
to work a shift	trabajar un turno
role	papel
job	empleo
duties	deberes
colony	colonia
target	diana
to indicate clearly and with certainty	indicar claramente y con certeza
fingernail	uña
command	comando
compass	Brújula
to instruct	instruir
to count on	contar con
to find fault with	criticar
resolve	resolver
to punish	castigar
to work out	resolver
to subdue	sojuzgar
condition	condición
to put a stop to	poner fin a / detener
law and order	orden público
to govern	gobernar
to express in words or writing	expresar verbalmente o por escrito
Dedicate	Dedicar
to cause	causar
intelligence	inteligencia
intelligent	inteligente
IQ	CI (Coeficiente Intelectual)
to remain in	permanecer en
to cut short	acortar
neutral	neutra
central	central
devoted	dedicado
faithful	fiel
the end	el final
in the end	al final
entire year	todo el año
lifelong	de por vida
to terminate	finalizar
heartfelt	sincero
tumor	tumor
seed	semilla
race	raza
as everyone knows	como todo el mundo sabe
to overlap	superponerse
center of gravity	centro de gravedad
Double Ninth or Yang Festival	Festival del Doble Noveno o Festival Yang
prefecture	prefectura
boat	boat
periphery	periferia
thorough	minucioso
anniversary	aniversario
period	período
twists and turns	giros y vueltas
turnover	turno
porridge	papilla
day and night	día y noche
wrinkle	arruga
measure word for plants	clase cuantitativa para plantas
everyone	todos
year after year	año tras año
to organize	organizar
leading	principal
in charge	a cargo
main stream	corriente principal
sovereignty	soberanía
theme	tema
to lean on	apoyarse en
residence	residencia
assistant	asistente
helper	auxiliar
injection	inyección
to look attentively at	mirar atentamente
to annotate	anotar
to pay attention to	prestar atención a
to station	destinar
to cast	lanzar
to drag	arrastrar
specifically	específicamente
specialized subject	asignatura especializada
patent	patente
specific topic	tema específico
specialty	especialidad
tiles and bricks	azulejos y ladrillos
to convey	transmitir
to transfer ownership	transferir la propiedad
to relocate	reubicar
shift in the trend of events	cambio en la tendencia de los eventos
solemn	solemne
dignified	digno
to equip	equipar
to load or unload	cargar o descargar
spectacular	espectacular
magnificence	magnificencia
brave	valiente
to mourn	lamentos
to look into	investigar
criterion	criterio
surpassing	superior
posture	postura
capital	capital
property	propiedad
veteran	veterano
to provide financial aid	proporcionar ayuda financiera
taste	gusto
to grow unchecked	crecer sin control
letter	carta
to have low self-esteem	tener baja autoestima
spontaneous	espontánea
regeneration through one's own effort	regeneración mediante propio esfuerzo
complacent	complaciente
independent	independientes
bullet	balón
objective	objetivo
brown	marrón
tracks	pistas
in short	en resumen
sum	suma
to crisscross	cruzarse
corridor	corredor
to smuggle and evade tax	contrabandear y evadir impuestos
to smuggle	contrabandear
to beat	vencer
to rent	alquilar
sufficient to	suficiente para
to obstruct	obstruir
to stop	detenerse
to thwart	frustrar
to form	formar
father's father	abuelo paterno
diamond	diamante
to study meticulously	estudiar meticulosamente
lip	labio
sanctity	santidad
to abide by	cumplir
to ponder	reflexionar
left and right	izquierda y derecha
to practice fraud	practicar fraude
to become invalid	volverse inválido
style	estilo
to work and rest	trabajar y descansar
motto	lema
to act as host	actuar como anfitrión
to take charge	tomar el mando

2
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

Sentence + 来着 (recalling the recent past)

Recall a name learned long ago

You recognise an old classmate but cannot recall the name you once knew.

他叫什么名字来着？ — The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Sentence + 来着 (recalling the recent past): 你刚才说什么来着?; 他叫什么名字来着?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐjust now刚才gāng cáisay说shuōwhat什么shén me(recall)来着lái zhe？

In the opening situation: 他叫什么名字来着？

The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact.

Check the limit of the explanation

The recalled information need not be recent.

明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 来着他叫什么名字 needs repair here. Write 他叫什么名字来着 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The recalled information need not be recent. 明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

Try it with help closed

You recognise an old classmate but cannot recall the name you once knew. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他叫什么名字来着？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The recalled information need not be recent.

明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
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HSK 6, Unidad 3

Un equipo está enviando correos electrónicos a clientes sobre una nueva fecha. Alguien revisa los nombres primero para que la nota no llegue a clientes equivocados. Las firmas asociadas y dos pasantes de corto plazo deben estar en la lista. Una oficina se une en línea; la otra quiere una sala. El líder termina el debate: la fecha se cambia. 以免 (miǎn) significa evitar problemas. 以及 (yǐjí) añade un elemento adicional con lenguaje formal. 总之 (zǒngzhī) da la conclusión. 则 (zé) pone dos casos lado a lado.

以免

以免 (yǐmiǎn) introduce un resultado que deseas prevenir: "para evitar", "con el fin de no" o "a fin de que no". La cláusula inicial es la acción o la advertencia. La cláusula 以免 nombra el mal resultado. 以 (yǐ) significa "para", y 免 (miǎn) significa "evitar". Es ligeramente formal. Se usa en avisos, instrucciones y consejos hablados cuidadosos. Los colegas lo dicen en voz alta cuando un riesgo real necesita una advertencia clara.

Forma

Acción，以免 + resultado no deseado

El resultado debe ser una frase verbal completa. Un sustantivo solo o un adjetivo solo están incompletos. 以免进水 (yǐmiǎn jìn shuǐ) y 以免迟到了 (yǐmiǎn chí dào le) pueden funcionar. 以免水 (yǐmiǎn shuǐ) y 以免晚 (yǐmiǎn wǎn) están incompletos. Cuando el resultado es un adjetivo, generalmente necesita una terminación, como 了 (le), antes de poder funcionar como cláusula.

Yǐmiǎn jìn shuǐ. Yǐmiǎn chí dào le. Yǐmiǎn shuǐ. Yǐmiǎn wǎn.

Ejemplos

寄出合同前再核对账号，以免钱进错账户。

Jì chū hétong qián zài héduì zhànghào, yǐmiǎn qián jìn cuò zhànghù. Verifica nuevamente el número de cuenta antes de enviar el contrato para que el dinero no entre en la cuenta equivocada.

晚上把剩菜放进冰箱，以免第二天坏掉。

Wǎnshang bǎ shèngcài fàng jìn bīngxiāng, yǐmiǎn dì-èr tiān huài diào. Pon las sobras en la nevera por la noche para que no se echen a perder al día siguiente.

Contraste

以免 (yǐmiǎn) es el resultado que esperas mantener alejado. Para un resultado que deseas, los escritores suelen elegir 以便 (yǐbiàn).

备份文件，以免原件丢失。

Bèifèn wénjiàn, yǐmiǎn yuánjiàn diūshī. Haz una copia de seguridad del archivo para que el original no se pierda.

备份文件，以便日后查阅。

Bèifèn wénjiàn, yǐbiàn rìhòu cháyuè. Haz una copia de seguridad del archivo para poder consultarlo más tarde.

Mantén 以免 (yǐmiǎn) para riesgos futuros. Un peligro cercano ya pasado tiene un significado diferente.

以及

以及 (yǐjí) une sustantivos, frases largas y cláusulas. Significa "así como" o un "y" formal. Es más propio de la escritura y las charlas formales que de conversaciones casuales, donde 和 (hé) es usual. La parte antes de 以及 suele ser central. La parte después tiende a sonar adicional, aunque ese elemento aún puede ser importante. Puede cerrar una lista o añadir una cláusula entera adicional.

Forma

A、B 以及 C

Coloca la coma 、 entre los elementos anteriores y 以及 antes del último. Las frases largas funcionan igual. Una segunda cláusula puede seguir, con su propio sujeto o el mismo, cuando añade un punto adicional.

Ejemplos

手册里写了上课时间、考试安排以及其他需要注意的事项。

Shǒucè lǐ xiě le shàngkè shíjiān, kǎoshì ānpái yǐjí qítā xūyào zhùyì de shìxiàng. El manual lista los horarios de clase, el plan de exámenes y otros puntos a tener en cuenta.

主任介绍了新规定，以及这些规定从下月起将如何执行。

El director presentó las nuevas normas y cómo se aplicarán a partir del próximo mes.

Contraste

和 joins equal items in speech or writing. After 以及, readers often hear "and also". Put the main item first when one item matters more. Equal items can still use 和.

总之

总之 means "in short", "in a word", or "all in all". It gathers points you already made and states the bottom line. After 不管 or 无论, the reasons may vary and the conclusion still stands. It closes an argument that is already on the table. It is how you collect a long explanation into one line.

Forma

（earlier points，）总之，conclusion

A comma often follows 总之 when the conclusion is a full clause. In the "whatever" shape, a comma before 总之 is enough.

Ejemplos

机票改了两次，酒店也满了，总之，这次出行得往后推。

Jīpiào gǎi le liǎng cì, jiǔdiàn yě mǎn le, zǒngzhī, zhè cì chūxíng děi wǎng hòu tuī. The ticket was changed twice, and the hotel is full too. In short, this trip has to be put off.

不管客户怎么催，总之这份报告今天不能发出去。

Bùguǎn kèhù zěnme cuī, zǒngzhī zhè fèn bàogào jīntiān bù néng fā chūqù. However hard the client pushes, in short this report cannot go out today.

Contraste

所以 gives the result of one reason. The hotel is full, so you move the day. 总之 keeps one line standing after several points, or after the reasons are brushed aside. Choose 总之 when the list should feel finished.

则

则 is a formal "whereas". It sets two clauses side by side and marks the contrast on the second. It is close to 却, with a written tone suited to reports, essays, and talks. People, places, times, and choices can all be paired. 则 stands after the second subject and before the verb, often beside 而. The two clauses are equal partners, like two columns in a report.

Forma

Clause 1，（而）+ Subject + 则 + verb phrase

The second subject comes first, then 则, then the verb phrase. 妹妹则去了深圳 follows that order for "whereas". Another written 则 means "then" and can open a result clause. For "whereas", keep the subject in front.

Mèimei zé qù le Shēnzhèn.

Ejemplos

哥哥留在老家照顾父母，妹妹则去了深圳工作。

Gēge liú zài lǎojiā zhàogù fùmǔ, mèimei zé qù le Shēnzhèn gōngzuò. My older brother stayed in our hometown to look after our parents, whereas my younger sister went to work in Shenzhen.

这家分店周末也营业，而那家分店则只在工作日开门。

Zhè jiā fēndiàn zhōumò yě yíngyè, ér nà jiā fēndiàn zé zhǐ zài gōngzuòrì kāimén. This branch is open on weekends too, whereas that branch opens only on weekdays.

Contraste

却 can sit in the same slot, and it is easy in speech. The same news can sound more like a surprise. 则 is the calmer, balanced pair. For "whereas", the second subject stays before 则.

Practice

Choose the word for preventing a fall on a wet floor.

请慢走，以免滑倒。

A. 以及 B. 以免 C. 则

Choose the ending that can stand as a clause.

请把稿子另存一个新名字，以免______。

A. 乱 B. 电脑 C. 覆盖昨天的版本

The budget is the main point. The review date is extra. Choose the formal sentence.

A. 小组定了复查日期以及完成了预算。 B. 小组完成了预算，以及定了复查日期。 C. 小组完成了预算，则定了复查日期。

Air quality and noise are the main topics. Public transport is extra. Begin with 报告. Use every piece once.

Pieces: 噪音 / 以及 / 公共交通 / 讨论了 / 空气质量 / 报告 / 、

Un espectáculo aún se llevará a cabo. Cualquier razón para el retraso es posible. Elige el final.

不管延误的理由是什么，______。

A. 则演出不会取消 B. 演出则不会取消 C. 总之演出不会取消

Los lectores de impresión prefieren artículos largos y son la segunda cláusula. Elige el contraste formal.

A. 线上读者只看标题，则纸质读者喜欢长文。 B. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者则喜欢长文。 C. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者喜欢则长文。

El almuerzo del viejo comedor es barato. El nuevo es caro y tranquilo, y es la segunda cláusula. Usa cada parte una vez.

Piezas: 则 / 便宜 / 新食堂的 / 午饭 / 又贵又安静 / ， / 午饭 / 旧食堂的

Una breve antes del entrenamiento. Usa 以免, 以及, 总之, y 则 una vez cada uno.

出发前再确认一次地址，______走错会场。参加培训的有市场部、技术部______两名实习生。上午的课讲理论，下午的讨论______更注重案例。材料很多，时间又短，______我们只抓最关键的三点。

Respuestas

B. 请慢走，以免滑倒。 Qǐng màn zǒu, yǐmiǎn huá dǎo. El caminar lento está ahí para evitar la caída.

C. 请把稿子另存一个新名字，以免覆盖昨天的版本。 Qǐng bǎ gǎozì lìng cún yí gè xīn míngzi, yǐmiǎn fùgài zuótiān de bǎnběn. Solo este final puede funcionar como una cláusula, y nombra el riesgo para la versión de ayer.

B. 小组完成了预算，以及定了复查日期。 Xiǎozǔ wánchéng le yùsuàn, yǐjí dìng le fùchá rìqī. El presupuesto permanece antes de 以及, y la fecha de revisión es el punto adicional.

报告讨论了空气质量、噪音以及公共交通。 También aceptable: 报告讨论了噪音、空气质量以及公共交通。 Bàogào tǎolùn le kōngqì zhìliàng, zàoyīn yǐjí gōnggòng jiāotōng. Bàogào tǎolùn le zàoyīn, kōngqì zhìliàng yǐjí gōnggòng jiāotōng. Ambos temas principales permanecen antes de 以及, en cualquier orden. El transporte público permanece al final.

C. 不管延误的理由是什么，总之演出不会取消。 Bùguǎn yánwù de lǐyóu shì shénme, zǒngzhī yǎnchū bú huì qǔxiāo. Las razones quedan de lado, y 总之 establece la única conclusión. Una coma después de 总之 también es aceptable.

B. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者则喜欢长文。 Xiànshàng dúzhě zhǐ kàn biāotí, zhǐzhì dúzhě zé xǐhuan chángwén. La marca sigue a los lectores de impresión y se sitúa antes del verbo.

旧食堂的午饭便宜，新食堂的午饭则又贵又安静。 Jiù shítáng de wǔfàn piányi, xīn shítáng de wǔfàn zé yòu guì yòu ānjìng. El almuerzo del nuevo comedor permanece en la segunda cláusula.

出发前再确认一次地址，以免走错会场。参加培训的有市场部、技术部以及两名实习生。上午的课讲理论，下午的讨论则更注重案例。材料很多，时间又短，总之，我们只抓最关键的三点。 Chūfā qián zài quèrèn yí cì dìzh, yǐmiǎn zǒu cuò huìchǎng. Cānjiā péixùn de yǒu shìchǎng bù, jìshù bù yǐlí liǎng míng shíxíshēng. Shàngwǔ de kè jiǎng lǐlùn, xiàwǔ de tǎolùn zé gèng zhùzhòng ànlì. Cáiliào hěn duō, shíjiān yòu duǎn, zǒngzhī, wǒmen zhǐ zhuā zuì guānjiàn de sān diǎn. La verificación evita el lugar equivocado. Los pasantes son adicionales. La tarde contrasta con la mañana. La línea de cierre resume las dos limitaciones. Omitir la coma después de 总之 también es aceptable.
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La oficina de la escuela anuncia un cierre el viernes con un tono oficial rígido, hablando como la propia escuela. Un compañero reenvía las mismas noticias casualmente. Mismo campus, diferente voz. Esa tarde el equipo quiere sustantivos para factibilidad y seguridad.

本 + 名词 — "this, one's own"

En chino formal, 本 significa "este" o "nuestro propio" desde el punto de vista del escritor. Avisos, contratos, correos electrónicos oficiales, discursos y currículums lo favorecen. El habla cotidiana usa más a menudo 这 o 我们. Ese hábito oficial no es una lista cerrada de sustantivos.

Forma

Coloca 本 directamente antes del sustantivo. Un sílabo es típico: 人, 校, 市, 国, 周, 月, 年, 次. Dos sílabas también son normales para una institución o un documento, como 公司, 组织, 部门, o 协议. 本人 significa "yo / yo mismo" en un currículum. 本周, 本月, y 本年 nombran esta semana, este mes y este año con el mismo tono formal.

Ejemplos

本组织只接受与环保有关的项目申请。

Běn zǔzhī zhǐ jiēshòu yǔ huánbǎo yǒuguān de xiàngmù shēnqǐng. Esta organización solo acepta solicitudes de proyectos relacionados con la protección ambiental.

本人因公出差，本周无法参加例会。

Běn rén yīn gōng chūchāi, běn zhōu wúfǎ cānjiā lìhuì. Estoy ausente por negocios oficiales y no puedo asistir a la reunión ordinaria esta semana.

Contraste

本校 es la escuela hablando por sí misma. 这所学校 puede señalar a cualquier campus. Los avisos usan 本公司. 这家公司 encaja en una tienda fuera del grupo. Para un simple "este", usa 这. El discurso formal usa 本 también.

Radical + Partícula — "-ness, -ity"

La partícula 性 construye un sustantivo de calidad, como "-ness" o "-ity". 可行性 significa viabilidad y 安全性 significa seguridad como cualidad. El sufijo es productivo en la escritura formal y neutral. El resultado nombra una cualidad, por lo que funciona gramaticalmente como sustantivo.

Forma

La estructura es palabra base + 性. Los sustantivos comunes incluyen 可行性, 重要性, 灵活性, 安全性 y 实用性. Aplíqueles gramática nominal: 没有可行性, 方案的可行性, 安全性很高. En 很有启发性, 很 modifica 有. Donde la oración necesita un adjetivo, mantenga la palabra base: 这个方案很可行 es natural, y 这个方案很可行性 no lo es.

Ejemplos

山区道路的安全性仍然让家长担心。

Shānqū dàolù de ānquánxìng réngrán ràng jiāzhǎng dānxīn. La seguridad de las carreteras montañosas aún preocupa a los padres.

这款应用的实用性不强，很多人下载后就删了。

Zhè kuǎn yìngyòng de shíyòngxìng bù qiáng, hěn duō rén xiàzài hòu jiù shān le. Esta aplicación no es muy práctica, y muchas personas la eliminan justo después de descargarla.

Contraste

重要 describe algo: 这个决定很重要. 重要性 es esa cualidad como entidad: 大家讨论了这个决定的重要性.

Practice

Estás completando un currículum formal. ¿Qué línea se ajusta? A. 我这个人会说三种语言。 B. 本人会说三种语言。 C. 这个人会说三种语言。

El sitio web municipal anuncia el cambio en las tarifas de autobús del próximo mes. Elige la apertura formal dentro del grupo que todavía haga referencia a esta ciudad. A. 这座城市下月调整公交票价。 B. 本市下月调整公交票价。 C. 本国下月调整公交票价。

¿Cuál oración utiliza correctamente un sustantivo con 性? A. 这条路线很安全性。 B. 这条路线缺少安全性。 C. 这条路线安全性很。

Construye un aviso formal. Comienza con el nombre de la escuela para sí misma, y usa cada fragmento una sola vez. El aviso significa que los visitantes no pueden entrar al laboratorio esta semana. 访客 / 进入实验室 / 本周 / 不允许 / 本校

Construye una oración. Usa cada fragmento una sola vez. El significado es que la seguridad vial en la entrada de la escuela preocupa mucho a los padres. 家长很担心 / 让 / 学校门口交通的 / 安全性

Reescribe la nota como una oración formal. Usa 本 una vez, refiriéndose a la empresa. Expresa "aplicable" y "seguro" con sustantivos terminados en 性. Mantén el próximo mes y el nuevo sistema. El próximo mes nuestra empresa revisará si el nuevo sistema es aplicable y seguro.

Respuestas

B. 本人会说三种语言。 Běn rén huì shuō sān zhǒng yǔyán. En un currículum, 本人 es el "yo" formal. A es habla coloquial, y C se refiere a otra persona.

B. 本市下月调整公交票价。 Běn shì xià yuè tiáozhěng gōngjiāo piàojià. El anuncio municipal habla en nombre de esta ciudad, por lo que 本市 encaja. A es lenguaje demostrativo simple. C traslada el lugar de la ciudad al país.

B. 这条路线缺少安全性。 Zhè tiáo lùxiàn quēshǎo ānquánxìng. 安全性 es un sustantivo, por lo que 缺少 puede precederlo. A y C colocan ese sustantivo en un marco adjetival.

本校本周不允许访客进入实验室。 Běn xiào běn zhōu bù yǔnxǔ fǎngkè jìnrù shíyànshì. 本校 va primero, 本周 mantiene esta semana, y el laboratorio sigue siendo el lugar donde los visitantes no pueden entrar. También aceptable: 本校不允许访客本周进入实验室。 Běn xiào bù yǔnxǔ fǎngkè běn zhōu jìnrù shíyànshì.

学校门口交通的安全性让家长很担心。 Xuéxiào ménkǒu jiāotōng de ānquánxìng ràng jiāzhǎng hěn dānxīn. Seguridad es el sustantivo con 性 y la causa de la preocupación. La entrada de la escuela permanece como el lugar.

本公司将于下月评估新系统的可行性与安全性。 Běn gōngsī jiāng yú xià yuè pínggū xīn xìtǒng de kěxíngxìng yǔ ānquánxìng. 本公司 es el nombre formal dentro del grupo, y los dos sustantivos con 性 nombran la viabilidad y la seguridad. El próximo mes y el nuevo sistema permanecen. 审查, 检查 o 审核 pueden reemplazar 评估; 下个月 puede reemplazar 下月; 和 puede reemplazar 与.
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Terminas dos trabajos en una tarde. Un formulario pregunta si tu número de teléfono sigue siendo correcto. Un amigo luego escribe sobre la lluvia, y el siguiente paso parece obvio. La escritura y el habla usan partículas diferentes para estos trabajos. 是否 y 与否 son formas formales de decir "si". 之 es un enlace escrito entre sustantivos. 嘛 y 呗 son finales hablados para lo que ya es obvio.

是否 + verbo o adjetivo

El formulario pide una sola cosa: ¿es correcto el número? Coloca la palabra formal 是否 antes del verbo o del adjetivo.

Forma

是否 + verbo / adjetivo

是否 significa "si" o "si o no". Puede constituir toda la pregunta, o puede situarse dentro de una oración más larga. El verbo o adjetivo lo sigue inmediatamente. Los formularios, informes y correos electrónicos oficiales lo utilizan como opción habitual. En los chats con amigos es más frecuente decir 是不是, que expresa la misma idea pero con un tono más relajado. Usar 是否 en un mensaje rápido puede sonar rígido. Sin embargo, en una reunión aún se emplea. La formalidad reduce su uso en chats, pero no lo hace imposible en la conversación oral.

Ejemplos

报名表上请注明你是否需要住宿。

Bàomíngbiǎo shàng qǐng zhùmíng nǐ shìfǒu xūyào zhùsù. En el formulario de registro, por favor indique si necesita alojamiento.

委员会将审查该项目是否符合规定。

Wěiyuánhuì jiāng shěnchá gāi xiàngmù shìfǒu fúhé guīdìng. El comité revisará si el proyecto cumple con las regulaciones.

Contraste

是不是 y 履行 tienen la misma función a dos niveles de formalidad. El habla tiende hacia 是不是. La escritura tiende hacia 是否. Cuando "o no" aparece después del verbo o adjetivo, se utiliza 与否.

Verbo o adjetivo + 与否

Un anuncio de contratación menciona la pregunta abierta como tema y luego indica qué sucede a continuación. La terminación de ese tema es 与否.

Forma

Verbo / adjetivo + 与否

与否 significa "o no" y va después del verbo o adjetivo. El resultado es un tema similar a un sustantivo: 录用与否 significa "si alguien es contratado", y la oración puede especificar quién lo anuncia. Los adjetivos también funcionan: 合理与否 significa "si es razonable". Se encuentra en avisos, informes y discursos formales. En los chats suele preferirse una pregunta directa. También puede usarse en el habla formal.

Ejemplos

录用与否，由人力资源部另行通知。

Lùyòng yǔ fǒu, yóu rénlì zīyuán bù lìngxíng tōngzhī. Si alguien será contratado se anunciará por separado por Recursos Humanos.

这个解释合理与否，还要看证据。

Zhège jiěshì hélǐ yǔ fǒu, hái yào kàn zhèngjù. Si esta explicación es razonable todavía depende de las pruebas.

Contraste

是否合理 comienza con 是否. 合理与否 termina con 与否. Misma idea de sí/no, pero orden inverso. 与否 crea un tema sobre el cual se puede comentar. 吗 pediría a alguien que responda directamente.

Sustantivo + 之 + sustantivo

El informe de laboratorio requiere una frase escrita para un resultado que nadie esperaba. El escritor usa un patrón fijo de 之, 意料之外, en lugar de reemplazar cada 的.

Forma

Sustantivo + 之 + sustantivo

之 es el equivalente literario de 的. Une sustantivos en frases hechas, títulos y documentos formales. Aprende unidades completas: 意料之中 (como era de esperarse) y 意料之外 (no esperado), 当务之急 (la tarea más urgente), 不足之处 (un punto débil), 三分之一 (un tercio). Los escritores también usan 之 en algunos encabezados y otras parejas formales de sustantivos, por lo que esta lista es esencial, no exhaustiva. Para posesivos ordinarios como "mi" y "tu", usa 的. 我的书 es normal, mientras que 我之书 no lo es.

Ejemplos

实验的结果完全在意料之外。

Shíyàn de jiéguǒ wánquán zài yìliào zhī wài. El resultado del experimento fue completamente inesperado.

解决经费问题是眼下的当务之急。

Jiějué jīngfèi wèntí shì yǎnxià de dāngwù zhī jí. Resolver el problema de financiamiento es la tarea más urgente en este momento.

Contraste

Los enlaces sustantivos en oraciones cotidianas, como las reglas del dormitorio. 之 suena a escritura y funciona mejor en combinaciones que ya conozcas. Un título puede llevar 之 donde el habla todavía lleva 的.

Afirmación + 嘛

Un amigo pregunta por tu abrigo. La razón es obvia para ti y estás un poco impaciente. Añades 嘛.

Forma

Afirmación + 嘛

嘛 cierra una afirmación y la presenta como evidente: "por supuesto". Es habla coloquial. El tono puede ser relajado o un poco cortante. Los oyentes pueden estar de acuerdo, pero sigue siendo una afirmación. El sonido se asemeja a 吗, pero 嘛 afirma y 吗 pregunta. En un formulario, elige 是否 para un verdadero "si... o no".

Ejemplos

都十一月了嘛，当然要穿厚一点。

Dōu shíyīyuè le ma, dāngrán yào chuān hòu yìdiǎn. Ya es noviembre, así que por supuesto deberías usar algo más grueso.

公共厨房用完要收拾嘛，这是宿舍的规矩。

Gōnggòng chúfáng yòngwán yào shōushi ma, zhè shì sùshè de guīju. Arreglas la cocina compartida después de usarla, por supuesto. Esa es la regla del dormitorio.

Contraste

图书馆九点关门吗 hace una pregunta. 图书馆九点关门嘛 establece la hora de cierre como obvia. Si se desea una respuesta, es 吗. 呗 en cambio señala el siguiente paso.

Oración + 呗

La charla sigue atascada en la lluvia. Encoges los hombros y nombras la acción sencilla. Esa partícula es 呗.

Forma

Oración + 呗

呗 es habla informal. Trata algo como obvio, o significa "entonces simplemente ..." y "pues sea". A menudo suena un poco resignado: aceptas el camino fácil y dejas de discutir. Entre amigos, eso puede ser práctico y amigable. Con un profesor o un jefe puede sonar demasiado informal. La elección depende de la relación. No hace una pregunta de sí/no.

Ejemplos

雨下得这么大，就改成线上开会呗。

Yǔ xià de zhème dà, jiù gǎichéng xiànshàng kāihuì bei. La lluvia está tan fuerte, así que simplemente celebra la reunión en línea.

老板今天不在，这份表明天再交呗。

Lǎobǎn jīntiān bú zài, zhè fèn biǎo míngtiān zài jiāo bei. El jefe no está hoy, así que simplemente entrega este formulario mañana.

Contraste

嘛 y 呗 pueden significar "obviamente". 嘛 presiona un hecho que ya deberías ver. 呗 deja ir una decisión: entonces haz esto. 吗 pregunta. 属于 formal writing y elimina el encogimiento de hombros.

Practice

Usa cada pieza una vez.

¿Qué línea plantea un punto de sí/no en escritura formal? A. 资料是否已经更新 B. 资料更新嘛 C. 资料更新呗

¿Qué frase escrita nombra los puntos débiles de una encuesta? A. 调查的不足之处 B. 调查之大家处 C. 我之调查不足

Lin envía un mensaje de texto a un amigo, impaciente, no haciendo preguntas. La biblioteca cierra a las nueve, y Lin piensa que todos lo saben. ¿Qué línea encaja? A. 图书馆九点关门吗 B. 图书馆九点关门嘛 C. 图书馆是否九点关门

Ordena las piezas. Tema: si los documentos están completos. La oficina luego comienza la revisión. Mantén los documentos y la oficina. 审核 / 齐全 / 才 / 材料 / 办公室 / 开始 / 与否

No seats are left. The roommate is resigned and names eating in the dorm as the next step. Not a question. Which fits? A. 没位子就回宿舍吃呗 B. 没位子就回宿舍吃吗 C. 没位子是否回宿舍吃

Order the pieces into one spoken sentence. The forecast said it would rain. The umbrella comes last. State the obvious. Do not ask. 会下雨 / 就带伞 / 预报 / 嘛 / 说过

Use 是否 or 与否 in each blank. (1) Before the adjective, on a formal checklist: 请核对名单______准确。 (2) After the adjective, to make a topic: 方便______，请在周五前回复。

Write two sentences. Other words may change if the required pieces, order, and tone stay. (a) Formal note to your landlord: ask if the heating is already repaired. Place 是否 right before 已经修好. Keep 暖气. (b) Casual and a little resigned: correct the mistake and hand the draft in again. End with 呗. Not a question. Keep 草稿.

Respuestas

A. 资料是否已经更新。 Zīliào shìfǒu yǐjīng gēngxīn. Whether the materials are already updated. 是否 comes before the verb and fits formal writing. 嘛 and 呗 would sound like spoken "obviously", not like a written question.

A. 调查的不足之处。 Diàochá de bùzú zhī chù. The survey's weak points. 不足之处 is a set phrase with 之 for shortcomings. B is not a real phrase. C uses 之 after 我 and misses the survey meaning.

B. 图书馆九点关门嘛。 Túshūguǎn jiǔ diǎn guānmén ma. The library closes at nine, of course. This states an obvious fact to a friend, with mild impatience. 吗 would ask. 是否 would read like a form.

材料齐全与否，办公室才开始审核。 Cáiliào qíquán yǔ fǒu, bàngōngshì cái kāishǐ shěnhé. The office begins the review only once it is clear whether the documents are complete. 与否 follows 齐全 and makes the topic. Keep the documents, the office, and this order.

A. 没位子就回宿舍吃呗。 Méi wèizi jiù huí sùshè chī bei. No seats, so just eat back in the dorm. 呗 matches a resigned, casual next step. 吗 would ask. 是否 would make it formal.

预报说过会下雨，就带伞嘛。 Yùbào shuōguo huì xiàyǔ, jiù dài sǎn ma. The forecast said it would rain, so an umbrella was the obvious choice. Reason first, umbrella last, and 嘛 marks a statement. Also acceptable, with the same meaning: 预报说过会下雨了，就带伞嘛。 Yùbào shuōguo huì xiàyǔ le, jiù dài sǎn ma. Or 预报说过会下雨嘛，就带伞。 Yùbào shuōguo huì xiàyǔ ma, jiù dài sǎn.

(1) 是否。请核对名单是否准确。 Por favor, verifique si la lista de nombres es precisa. 是否 precede al adjetivo. (2) 与否。方便与否，请在周五前回复。 Conveniente o no, por favor responda antes del viernes. 与否 sigue a 方便. La respuesta para el viernes permanece intacta. No intercambie las dos partículas.

(a) 请问暖气是否已经修好？ ¿Se ha reparado ya la calefacción? 是否 aparece justo antes de 已经修好, y 暖气 se mantiene igual. También es válido: 请确认暖气是否已经修好. Por favor, confirme si la calefacción se ha reparado ya. (b) 改一下再交草稿呗。 Simplemente corríjalo y vuelva a entregar el borrador. Tono casual y un poco resignado, con 呗 y 草稿 mantenidos, sin interrogación. También es válido: 有小问题就改完再交草稿呗. Corrija el pequeño problema y luego entregue el borraredor nuevamente.
6
Preposiciones
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Después de una hora en el sitio ruidoso del vecino, la silla expone el hecho considerado por la reunión y el paso que tomará el grupo. Ese movimiento de dos partes es obra de 鉴于.

鉴于 + Observación, Conclusión

Significado

鉴于 significa "en vista de", "dado que" o "teniendo en cuenta". Introduce un hecho que se ha considerado. La cláusula siguiente ofrece la decisión, conclusión o sugerencia que se basa en ese hecho. El carácter 鉴 hace referencia a examinar algo y tratarlo como base.

La redacción es formal. Pertenece a avisos, informes, actas, cartas oficiales y declaraciones públicas cuidadosas. Úsela cuando ese paso deba sonar cuidadoso y oficial. Es una tendencia del registro, y muchos temas son posibles. Una nota familiar o un cambio menor en una oficina también pueden usarla.

Forma

鉴于 + Observación, Conclusión / Sugerencia

La observación puede ser una frase nominal o una cláusula completa. Después de la coma, exponga la decisión, el juicio o la recomendación. 因此 o 所以 pueden añadirse, aunque la coma ya une ambas partes. 鉴于 normalmente abre la oración, y esa forma de apertura es la que debe usarse aquí.

Ejemplos

鉴于报名人数已经超过限额，组委会决定增加一场面试。

En vista de que el número de solicitantes ya ha superado la cuota, el comité organizador decidió agregar una sesión más de entrevistas.

鉴于周末的客流高峰，商场建议顾客尽量改在工作日前来。

Teniendo en cuenta el aflujo de clientes los fines de semana, el centro comercial sugiere a los compradores que acudan durante días laborables siempre que puedan.

Contraste

因为 indica una razón ordinaria, incluyendo un sentimiento o un hecho simple. 由于, común en la escritura, también puede explicar un resultado no deseado, como un vuelo suspendido por niebla. 鉴于 tiene mayor peso: el hecho introductorio es la consideración detrás de una decisión, medida o recomendación. Pueden seguir 决定, 调整, 建议 o 应该. La segunda cláusula debe basarse en la observación.

Practice

¿Qué función cumple 鉴于 en esta oración?

鉴于近期投诉明显增多，客服部决定延长值班时间。

A. Informa sobre un resultado que ocurrió después de que cambiaran las horas laborales. B. Marca la consideración que fundamenta la decisión. C. Significa "aunque" y establece un contraste entre las dos cláusulas.

Elige la mejor palabra para este aviso formal.

______ 电梯多次发生故障，物业决定本周五停梯检修。

A. 鉴于 B. 虽然 C. 为了

¿Qué oración utiliza el patrón de forma natural?

A. 鉴于社区老人出行不便，居委会建议增开一班早间班车。 B. 社区老人鉴于出行不便，所以增开了。 C. 鉴于建议居委会，社区老人出行不便。

Une las partes en una sola oración. Comienza con la base, seguido de la decisión de la empresa.

决定 / 销售额 / 鉴于 / 招聘计划 / 公司 / 本季度 / 调整 / 明显下滑

Reescribe la oración para que comience con 鉴于. Mantén 南门旁边的停车位, 访客车辆, 西门的地下车库, y 管理处.

因为南门旁边的停车位太少，管理处把访客车辆引导到了西门的地下车库。

Escribe una oración formal de reunión que comience con 鉴于. Los datos de la prueba de marzo siguen incompletos, así que sugiere publicar el informe solo después de que el laboratorio vuelva a analizar las muestras de agua. Mantén 三月的试验数据, 水样, y 报告.

Respuestas

B.

鉴于近期投诉明显增多，客服部决定延长值班时间。

Jiànyú jìnqī tóusù míngxiǎn zēngduō, kèfúbù juédìng yáncháng zhíbān shíjiān. Las quejas son la base para extender las horas de servicio.

A.

鉴于电梯多次发生故障，物业决定本周五停梯检修。

Jiànyú diàntī duōcì fāshēng gùzhàng, wùyè juédìng běn zhōuwǔ tíngtī jiǎnxiū. Los fallos fundamentan la decisión de detener el ascensor. 虽然 podría ceder un punto, y 为了 nombraría un propósito.

A.

鉴于社区老人出行不便，居委会建议增开一班早间班车。

Jiànyú shèqū lǎorén chūxíng búbiàn, jūwěihuì jiànyì zēngkāi yì bān zǎojiān bānchē. La dificultad para viajar fundamenta la sugerencia de agregar un autobús matutino adicional. B deja la conclusión inconclusa, y C invierte las mitades.

鉴于本季度销售额明显下滑，公司决定调整招聘计划。

Jiànyú běn jìdù xiāoshòu'é míngxiǎn xiàhuá, gōngsī juédìng tiáozhěng zhāopìn jìhuà. La caída en ventas es la base, y cambiar el plan de contratación es la decisión. 公司 puede aparecer dentro de la base, después de 鉴于.

鉴于南门旁边的停车位太少，管理处把访客车辆引导到了西门的地下车库。

Jiànyú nánmén pángbiān de tíngchēwèi tài shǎo, guǎnlǐchù bǎ fǎngkè chēliàng yǐndǎo dào le xīmén de dìxià chēkù. Colocar 决定 antes de 把 también es aceptable.

鉴于三月的试验数据仍不完整，建议项目组等实验室重新检测水样后再公布报告。

Jiànyú sānyuè de shìyàn shùjù réng bù wánzhěng, jiànyì xiàngmùzǔ děng shíyànshì chóngxīn jiǎncè shuǐyàng hòu zài gōngbù bàogào. 项目组应该 puede reemplazar a 建议项目组, y una paráfrasis cercana con las mismas tres frases es aceptable.
7
Patrones de oración — retórica y énfasis
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

岂不是 (wouldn't that be …?)

A rhetorical question points to wasted effort

A project is nearly finished. Someone proposes abandoning it now.

现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？ — The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort.

Locate the pattern in real examples

岂不是 (wouldn't that be …?): 这样岂不是更好?; 现在放弃,岂不是太可惜了?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

that那nàwouldn't that be岂不是qǐ bú shìeven更gènggood好hǎo？

In the opening situation: 现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？

The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort.

Check the limit of the explanation

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement.

A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 岂不了是白费功夫 needs repair here. Write 岂不是白费功夫 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement. A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

Try it with help closed

A project is nearly finished. Someone proposes abandoning it now. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement.

A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

非(要) … 不可 (simply must / insist on)

Insistence is stronger than a preference

A child rejects every alternative and insists on buying one particular toy.

他非要买那个玩具不可。 — The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable.

Locate the pattern in real examples

非(要) … 不可 (simply must / insist on): 他非要去不可。; 这个会我非参加不可。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāsimply must非fēiwant要yàogo去qùno other way不可bù kě。

In the opening situation: 他非要买那个玩具不可。

The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable.

Check the limit of the explanation

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity.

It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他非要买那个玩具可不 needs repair here. Write 他非要买那个玩具不可 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity. It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

Try it with help closed

A child rejects every alternative and insists on buying one particular toy. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他非要买那个玩具不可。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity.

It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

兼 (doubling as / concurrently)

One person holds two roles

A school biography describes a teacher who is also a writer.

她是老师兼作家。 — One person holds both roles at the same time.

Locate the pattern in real examples

兼 (doubling as / concurrently): 他是老师兼班主任。; 她是歌手兼演员。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāis是shìteacher老师lǎo shīand also兼jiānwriter作家zuò jiā。

In the opening situation: 她是老师兼作家。

One person holds both roles at the same time.

Check the limit of the explanation

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B.

This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 她是兼老师作家 needs repair here. Write 她是老师兼作家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

One person holds both roles at the same time. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B. This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

Try it with help closed

A school biography describes a teacher who is also a writer. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 她是老师兼作家。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B.

This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

莫非 (could it be that …?)

An absence leads to a tentative guess

A friend is very late. You wonder whether they forgot the meeting.

他还没来，莫非忘了时间？ — The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise.

Locate the pattern in real examples

莫非 (could it be that …?): 莫非你忘了我们的约定?; 他到现在还不来,莫非出了什么事?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

could it be莫非mò fēiyou你nǐforget忘wàng了le？

In the opening situation: 他还没来，莫非忘了时间？

The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise.

Check the limit of the explanation

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation.

A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 莫了非忘了时间 needs repair here. Write 莫非忘了时间 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation. A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

Try it with help closed

A friend is very late. You wonder whether they forgot the meeting. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他还没来，莫非忘了时间？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation.

A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

由此 (from this / hence)

Separate a conclusion from its cause

A survey finds that most respondents prefer the shorter route.

由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。 — 由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference.

Locate the pattern in real examples

由此 (from this / hence): 由此可见,习惯的力量很大。; 问题正是由此而来。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

from this由此yóu cǐit can be seen可见kě jiàn，effort努力nǔ lìvery很hěnimportant重要zhòng yào。

In the opening situation: 由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。

由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference.

Check the limit of the explanation

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically.

由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 由了此可见 needs repair here. Write 由此可见 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically. 由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

Try it with help closed

A survey finds that most respondents prefer the shorter route. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically.

由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

莫过于 (nothing is more … than)

State a personal highest value

A speaker says that being together with family gives the greatest happiness.

最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。 — The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives.

Locate the pattern in real examples

莫过于 (nothing is more … than): 最幸福的事,莫过于和家人在一起。; 最让他头疼的,莫过于每天的堵车。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

most最zuìhappy快乐kuài lè的dething事shìnothing more than莫过于mò guò yútravel旅行lǚ xíng。

In the opening situation: 最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。

The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives.

Check the limit of the explanation

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation.

It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 莫过不于和家人在一起 needs repair here. Write 莫过于和家人在一起 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation. It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

Try it with help closed

A speaker says that being together with family gives the greatest happiness. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation.

It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

与其 A，宁可 / 宁愿 B (rather than … would rather)

A choice rejects waiting in favour of action

You would rather investigate a problem yourself than wait for an update.

与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。 — Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred.

Locate the pattern in real examples

与其 A，宁可 / 宁愿 B (rather than … would rather): 与其在家等着,宁愿自己去看看。; 与其抱怨,宁可想想办法。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

rather than与其yǔ qíwait等着děng zhe，would rather宁愿nìng yuànoneself自己zì jǐgo去qù。

In the opening situation: 与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。

Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred.

Check the limit of the explanation

Preference is not proof that the action occurred.

与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 与了其等着，宁愿自己去 needs repair here. Write 与其等着，宁愿自己去 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Preference is not proof that the action occurred. 与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

Try it with help closed

You would rather investigate a problem yourself than wait for an update. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Preference is not proof that the action occurred.

与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

跟 … 似的 (just like / as if)

A comparison does not identify the object

An artificial flower looks convincingly real.

这朵花跟真的似的。 — The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance.

Locate the pattern in real examples

跟 … 似的 (just like / as if): 他高兴得跟孩子似的。; 外面热得跟蒸笼似的。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèflower花huālike跟gēnreal真的zhēn deas if似的shì de。

In the opening situation: 这朵花跟真的似的。

The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance.

Check the limit of the explanation

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity.

似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 跟真的的似 needs repair here. Write 跟真的似的 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity. 似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

Try it with help closed

An artificial flower looks convincingly real. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 这朵花跟真的似的。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity.

似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不愧是 (truly worthy of)

A reputation is supported by an action

An expert immediately identifies a fault that others missed.

他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。 — The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不愧是 (truly worthy of): 他不愧是专家,一眼就看出了问题。; 不愧是冠军,水平就是高。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tātruly worthy不愧bú kuìis是shìexpert专家zhuān jiā。

In the opening situation: 他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。

The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title.

Check the limit of the explanation

不愧是 links reputation and performance.

It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他是不愧专家 needs repair here. Write 他不愧是专家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

不愧是 links reputation and performance. It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

Try it with help closed

An expert immediately identifies a fault that others missed. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

不愧是 links reputation and performance.

It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

由 … 做主 (for … to decide)

Name the person who has the final say

A group asks who should select the gift. The decision is assigned to the child.

买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。 — The child is given authority over this particular choice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

由 … 做主 (for … to decide): 这件事由你做主。; 家里的大事由父母做主。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhè(measure word)件jiànmatter事shìby由yóuyou你nǐdecide做主zuò zhǔ。

In the opening situation: 买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。

The child is given authority over this particular choice.

Check the limit of the explanation

This does not mean the child controls the entire event.

State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 买什么礼物，由做主孩子 needs repair here. Write 买什么礼物，由孩子做主 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The child is given authority over this particular choice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

This does not mean the child controls the entire event. State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

Try it with help closed

A group asks who should select the gift. The decision is assigned to the child. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

This does not mean the child controls the entire event.

State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

非得 … 不可 (absolutely must)

A constraint narrows the possible person

A task requires the only team member who holds the key.

这事非得他来不可。 — The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come.

Locate the pattern in real examples

非得 … 不可 (absolutely must): 这事非得他出面不可。; 今天非得把作业写完不可。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèmatter事shìabsolutely must非得fēi děihe他tācome来láino other way不可bù kě。

In the opening situation: 这事非得他来不可。

The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come.

Check the limit of the explanation

得 is read děi here.

非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 非了得他来不可 needs repair here. Write 非得他来不可 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

得 is read děi here. 非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

Try it with help closed

A task requires the only team member who holds the key. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 这事非得他来不可。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

得 is read děi here.

非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一来 … ，二来 … (firstly …, secondly …)

Two reasons differ from a time sequence

You choose cycling because it saves money and gives exercise.

骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。 — The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一来 … ，二来 … (firstly …, secondly …): 我不去了,一来太远,二来没时间。; 骑车上班,一来省钱,二来锻炼身体。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

firstly一来yì láicheap便宜pián yi，secondly二来èr láiconvenient方便fāng biàn。

In the opening situation: 骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。

The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice.

Check the limit of the explanation

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second.

For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 二来省钱，一来锻炼身体 needs repair here. Write 一来省钱，二来锻炼身体 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second. For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

Try it with help closed

You choose cycling because it saves money and gives exercise. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second.

For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
8
Verbos
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Tu compañero de cuarto ha pasado tres noches quejándose del karaoke de arriba. Ofreces subir juntos. De repente, encuentran una taza que necesita lavarse. Te apoyas en el marco de la puerta y sonríes.

谅 + Sujeto + Frase Verbal — "Apostaría que no"

El 谅 hablado abre un pequeño desafío confiado. En inglés cotidiano significa "apostaría", "estoy seguro de que no harías" o "estoy seguro de que no hiciste". Evalúas a la otra persona. El tono es informal y un poco desafiante. Los amigos lo usan cuando alguien ha hablado grande y luego busca una forma de salir. El hablante suele ser 我. Cuando los oyentes ya saben quién habla, 我 puede omitirse, y 谅 aún así inicia la línea.

Forma

Las piezas se alinean como 谅 + sujeto + 也 + 不/没 + frase verbal.

谅 viene primero, o se sitúa directamente después de 我. El sujeto es la persona cuya valentía estás juzgando: 你, 他, 她, o un nombre. 也 va justo antes de 不 o 没. Ese par da el impulso de "incluso esta persona, incluso ahora", haciendo que el desafío suene seguro. La frase verbal nombra el acto.

不 a menudo coincide con "wouldn't", para una falta general de coraje o para un acto aún pendiente. 没 coincide con una ocasión pasada específica en la que el acto no ocurrió. 敢 es el verbo habitual, porque la burla trata sobre el coraje. Otro verbo también funciona cuando simplemente estás seguro de que el acto no ocurrirá, o no ocurrió. Para un compañero que juró aparecer, 谅你也没去 (Liàng nǐ yě méi qù) es el mismo patrón.

Este uso de 谅 tiende fuertemente a mantener 也 y una negación juntos. Una línea afirmativa como 谅你敢去 (Liàng nǐ gǎn qù) conserva el significado de "no te atreverías", por lo que se debe usar 谅 en forma afirmativa solo cuando se desea verdaderamente un comentario diferente. El tiempo y el lugar ocupan sus posiciones habituales, generalmente después del sujeto y antes de 也, como en 谅你现在也不敢说 (Liàng nǐ xiàn zài yě bù gǎn shuō). Mantenga la persona, el lugar y el objeto dentro de la frase verbal.

Con amigos, el reto suele ser juguetón. Las mismas palabras, dirigidas a un profesor, un jefe o un desconocido, pueden sonar groseras. Se utiliza en el habla informal.

Ejemplos

El cocinero está en la ventana del comedor, y su colega comienza otra queja. Sonríe y dice:

我谅你也不敢当面跟厨师提意见。

Wǒ liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn dāng miàn gēn chú shī tí yì jiàn. Apuesto a que no te atreverías a mencionárselo al cocinero cara a cara.

Tu hermano menor pasó la noche diciendo que él mismo admitiría el error al entrenador. Termina el entrenamiento y no dice nada. Después le dices:

谅你当时也没敢向教练承认自己犯规。

Liàng nǐ dāng shí yě méi gǎn xiàng jiào liàn chéng rèn zì jǐ fàn guī. Apuesto a que entonces no te atreviste a admitir tu propio error ante el entrenador.

Contraste

我猜你不敢问。我估计他不会去。

Wǒ cāi nǐ bù gǎn wèn. Wǒ gū jì tā bú huì qù. Son suposiciones tranquilas para un padre, un compañero de equipo o una reunión.

谅你也不敢问。

Liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn wèn. Esto se dirige al oyente y lanza un desafío en la conversación casual.

我打赌明天会下雨。

Wǒ dǎ dǔ míng tiān huì xià yǔ. 打赌 puede iniciar una apuesta real sobre un hecho. En este patrón, 谅 juzga los nervios de una persona y prefiere fuertemente una frase verbal negativa.

谅解你不敢说。

Liàng jiě nǐ bù gǎn shuō. 谅解 significa "perdonar" o "entender por qué algo fue difícil", por lo que esto muestra simpatía. El reto necesita 谅, un sujeto, 也, y 不 o 没.

他也不敢进。谅他也不敢进。

Tā yě bù gǎn jìn. Liàng tā yě bù gǎn jìn. La primera significa "él tampoco se atrevería a entrar", continuando un comentario anterior. 谅 al principio convierte ese comentario en una apuesta.

她差点儿敲门。我谅她也没敢敲门。

Tā chà diǎnr qiāo mén. Wǒ liàng tā yě méi gǎn qiāo mén. La primera significa que el golpe casi ocurrió. La segunda significa que estás seguro de que le faltaron los nervios. Mantenga 差点儿 fuera del reto para que las dos historias permanezcan separadas.

Practice

¿Qué está haciendo el hablante? 我谅你也不敢一个人去找房东。 A. Perdonándote por haber ido a ver al propietario solo. B. Retándote, seguro de que no irías a ver al propietario solo. C. Pidiéndote que presentes a un propietario a un amigo.

Anoche prometió devolver la cámara a su colega. Esta mañana la cámara sigue en su escritorio. ¿Qué línea corresponde al reto hablado y estos hechos? A. 我谅他昨晚也没敢把相机还给同事。 B. 我谅他昨晚也敢没把相机还给同事。 C. 我谅他昨晚也没敢把相机还给同事，其实他已经还了。

Tu amigo dice que la multa por retraso de la biblioteca es injusta y que el bibliotecario tiene tiempo libre. Construye un reto hablado. Utiliza cada elemento una vez, en el patrón 谅 + sujeto + 也 + 不 + frase verbal. 说 / 也 / 跟管理员 / 我谅 / 去 / 你 / 敢 / 不

Ella nunca abrió la puerta. Reescribe la línea como un único reto hablado sobre sus nervios. Usa 也 y 没, incluye 敢, y mantén la oficina del gerente y la puerta. 她差点儿推开了经理办公室的门。

En la reunión del proyecto, un compañero ha estado insatisfecho con la diapositiva de datos. El profesor se sienta con el grupo. Escribe un único reto hablado dirigido a ese compañero. Incluye 我谅, 也, 不, y 敢, y menciona al profesor y a esa diapositiva.

El viernes tu prima prometió devolver la novela al mostrador de la biblioteca antes del cierre. El lunes la novela todavía está en su escritorio. Escribe dos oraciones. En la primera, retala a ella respecto al viernes con 谅, 也, y 没, y mantiene el mostrador de la biblioteca y la novela. En la segunda, haz una suposición tranquila a otro pariente con 我估计, sobre el mismo mostrador y la misma novela, sin 谅.

Respuestas

B. 谅 with 也 and 不敢 dares the listener. 谅解 would be the word for forgiving. Wǒ liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn yí gè rén qù zhǎo fáng dōng. I bet you wouldn't dare go see the landlord alone. Before fourth-tone 个, 一 is yí.

A. Last night is over, and the camera is still on the desk, so 没敢 fits an act he did not dare. B places 敢 before 没. C adds that he already returned it, against the facts. Wǒ liàng tā zuó wǎn yě méi gǎn bǎ xiàng jī huán gěi tóng shì. I bet he didn't dare return the camera to his colleague last night.

我谅你也不敢去跟管理员说。 Wǒ liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn qù gēn guǎn lǐ yuán shuō. I bet you wouldn't dare go and speak to the clerk. 也 sits immediately before 不敢, and the clerk stays inside the verb phrase. 我谅你也不敢跟管理员去说 (Wǒ liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn gēn guǎn lǐ yuán qù shuō) uses the same pieces in the same pattern and is also fine.

我谅她也没敢推开经理办公室的门。 Wǒ liàng tā yě méi gǎn tuī kāi jīng lǐ bàn gōng shì de mén. I bet she didn't dare push open the door of the manager's office. 差点儿 would report a near miss. 没 matches a finished moment when the door stayed shut. 谅她也没敢推开经理办公室的门, without 我, is also fine.

我谅你也不敢跟老师说那一页的数据有问题。 Wǒ liàng nǐ yě bù gǎn gēn lǎo shī shuō nà yí yè de shù jù yǒu wèn tí. I bet you wouldn't dare tell the teacher that the data on that page is wrong. Close wording is fine when it keeps 我谅, 也, 不, 敢, the teacher, and the data slide. Before fourth-tone 页, 一 is yí.

我谅你周五也没敢去图书馆柜台还那本小说。 Wǒ liàng nǐ zhōu wǔ yě méi gǎn qù tú shū guǎn guì tái huán nà běn xiǎo shuō. I bet you didn't dare go to the library counter on Friday to return that novel. 我估计她周五没去图书馆柜台还那本小说。 Wǒ gū jì tā zhōu wǔ méi qù tú shū guǎn guì tái huán nà běn xiǎo shuō. I reckon she did not go to the library counter on Friday to return that novel. Friday is finished, so the dare uses 没. The second sentence speaks to someone else, so it uses 她 and 我估计. 我估计她周五没敢去图书馆柜台还那本小说 is also fine.
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Frases verbales
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Lin's team was ready to publish a post that reused a rival's sentences. She refused. To her, that copying sat below the job. She then listed every source at the end of the draft so the editor could check them before Friday's meeting. The two patterns below match that kind of refusal and that kind of purpose.

Subject + 不屑(于) + Verb

不屑 means the subject looks down on an action. Doing it would feel below their dignity, and the tone is disrespect. 屑 suggests "worth a moment's bother", so 不屑 presents the action as something they will not stoop to. The same idea appears as 不屑 or as 不屑于. 不屑于 is the more literary form. Everyday speech prefers 不屑, and writing uses both. The difference is one of style. Many kinds of verb phrase can follow either form.

Forma

Subject + 不屑 / 不屑于 + verb or verb phrase

What follows is the action they will not lower themselves to do. One verb is enough. A longer phrase can add manner, time or a reason.

Ejemplos

那位护士不屑隐瞒病人的检查结果。

Nà wèi hùshi bú xiè yǐnmán bìngrén de jiǎnchá jiéguǒ. That nurse will not stoop to hiding a patient's test results.

他不屑于在评奖前私下拉票。

Tā bú xiè yú zài píngjiǎng qián sīxià lāpiào. He disdains privately asking for votes before the awards.

Contraste

不想 states a preference. 拒绝 states a refusal. 不屑 adds disrespect, because the action feels unworthy of the subject. Use it when that attitude is really there. 懒得 means "cannot be bothered", and it usually comes from fatigue or low interest. With 不屑, the center is dignity.

Action + 以便 (+ 能) + Outcome

以便 links an action to a wanted outcome. The action should make that outcome easier or possible. In English the idea is "so that" or "in order that". The outcome often includes 能, because the action creates an ability. When the next step is already clear, the outcome can stand without 能.

The clause after 以便 is the purpose the speaker is aiming at. Keep that purpose separate from a near miss, such as almost missing a bus, and from a wish about something that already failed.

Forma

Action ，以便 (+ 能) + outcome

El resultado es una cláusula propia y puede tener su propio sujeto. Coloca primero la acción que hace posible el resultado, luego una coma y después 以便.

Ejemplos

我们把样品按颜色分开，以便客户能马上比较。

Wǒmen bǎ yàngpǐn àn yánsè fēnkāi, yǐbiàn kèhù néng mǎshàng bǐjiào. Ordenamos las muestras por color para que el cliente pudiera compararlas de inmediato.

请把合同扫描成一份文件，以便法务核对签名。

Qǐng bǎ hétóng sǎomiáo chéng yí fèn wénjiàn, yǐbiàn fǎwù héduì qiānmíng. Escanea el contrato en un solo archivo para que legal pueda verificar las firmas.

Contraste

为了 también indica un propósito, y generalmente va antes de la acción. 以便 sigue a la acción y señala el resultado. En la conversación, la gente suele elegir 为了, o utiliza 好 dentro de la segunda cláusula. 以便 es típico de avisos, correos electrónicos e informes. El habla cuidada también puede usarlo. Considera ese tono formal como una tendencia.

以免 introduce un resultado que el hablante desea evitar. Un resultado deseado requiere 以便.

Practice

¿Qué oración significa que alguien no se rebajará a realizar la acción?

A. 雨太大，她不想去跑步。

B. 那位裁判不屑收运动员的礼物。

C. 他拒绝了邀请，因为当天要出差。

Elige la mejor palabra para el espacio en blanco en este aviso.

请把姓名和部门写在文件首页，______人事能在系统里找到您。

A. 为了

B. 以便

C. 不屑

Usa cada pieza una vez. Construye una oración en la que el gerente no se rebajará a realizar la acción.

维持名声 / 这家店的店长 / 靠删除差评 / 不屑于

Usa cada pieza una vez. La acción finalizada es que la aerolínea ya ha enviado la nueva hora. El propósito es que los pasajeros puedan cambiar sus propios boletos. Coloca esa acción primero y escribe una coma antes de 以便.

旅客能自己改签机票 / 发到了每个人的手机上 / 以便 / 把新时刻 / 航空公司

Escribe una oración con 不屑于. La pasante siente que inventar datos dentro del informe del curso está por debajo de su nivel. Conserva las cadenas exactas 编造数据 y 课程报告.

Escribe dos oraciones.

(1) Con 不屑, di que la contadora no se rebajará a ocultar los recibos de viaje. Conserva 差旅发票.

(2) Coloca la acción primero, luego 以便. Ella coloca cada recibo en la carpeta compartida para que el auditor pueda revisar el viaje a Chengdu. Conserva 共享文件夹 y 成都. Puedes incluir 能 o omitirlo.

Respuestas

B.

那位裁判不屑收运动员的礼物。

Nà wèi cáipàn bú xiè shōu yùndòngyuán de lǐwù. Aceptar los regalos de los atletas está por debajo de este árbitro. La oración sobre la lluvia solo da preferencia. La oración de invitación rechaza debido a un viaje de trabajo.

B.

请把姓名和部门写在文件首页，以便人事能在系统里找到您。

Qǐng bǎ xìngmíng hé bùmén xiě zài wénjiàn shǒuyè, yǐbiàn rénshì néng zài xìtǒng li zhodào nín. El aviso pasa de una solicitud a un resultado deseado, que es donde corresponde 以便. 为了 iría antes de la solicitud. 不屑 afirmaría que escribir los nombres está por debajo del autor.

这家店的店长不屑于靠删除差评维持名声。

Zhè jiā diàn de diànzhǎng bú xiè yú kào shānchú chàpíng wéichí míngshēng. 不屑于 va antes de toda una acción: mantener una reputación eliminando reseñas negativas.

航空公司把新时刻发到了每个人的手机上，以便旅客能自己改签机票。

Hángkōng gōngsī bǎ xīn shíkè fā dào le měi gè rén de shǒujī shàng, yǐbiàn lǚkè néng zìjǐ gǎiqiān jīpiào. La estructura 把 representa la acción ya realizada. indicates the ability the airline wants passengers to have. Los teléfonos permanecen en la acción, y los boletos permanecen en el propósito.

实习生不屑于在课程报告里编造数据。

Shíxíshēng bú xiè yú zài kèchéng bàogào li biānzào shùjù. 不屑于 enmarca inventar los datos como algo por debajo de la pasante, y ambas cadenas requeridas permanecen en la frase verbal. El mismo significado con las mismas dos cadenas también es válido:

她不屑于为课程报告编造数据。

Tā bú xiè yú wèi kèchéng bàogào biānzào shùjù. Aquí 为 (wèi) significa "para".

(1)

会计不屑隐瞒差旅发票。

Kuàijì bú xiè yǐnmán chāilǚ fāpiào. Ocultar esos recibos se presenta como algo por debajo de la contadora. Un sujeto más largo es aceptable si 差旅发票 permanece.

(2)

她把每张发票放进共享文件夹，以便审计人员能核查那次成都出差。

Él puso cada factura en la carpeta compartida para que el personal de auditoría pudiera verificar ese viaje a Chengdu. La carpeta compartida y Chengdu permanecen, con el propósito después de 以便. 能 puede omitirse. Otro verbo de poner u otro verbo de verificar es aceptable si el lugar, el viaje y este orden se mantienen.
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Oraciones con "If"
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

假使 … ，就 … (if / supposing)

Prepare for a possibility without asserting it

An outdoor event has a backup plan if rain arrives tomorrow.

假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。 — Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response.

Locate the pattern in real examples

假使 … ，就 … (if / supposing): 假使明天下雨,活动就取消。; 假使他不同意,我们就再想办法。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

supposing假使jiǎ shǐhave有yǒuproblem问题wèn tí，then就jiùcome来láifind找zhǎome我wǒ。

In the opening situation: 假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。

Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response.

Check the limit of the explanation

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional.

假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 假了使明天下雨 needs repair here. Write 假使明天下雨 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional. 假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

Try it with help closed

An outdoor event has a backup plan if rain arrives tomorrow. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional.

假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
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Oraciones de causa y efecto
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El informe del proyecto vinculó las noches sin dormir al retraso. El equipo quedó rezagado debido a esas noches. Este patrón establece ese tipo de vínculo: la causa precede y el resultado sigue.

因(为)……，而……

Significado

因(为)……而…… une una causa al resultado que le sigue. 因为 indica la razón y, en escritura cuidada, suele acortarse a 因, con el mismo significado. 而 es la articulación. Conecta desde la razón hacia la acción que alguien realiza o el estado resultante. En inglés el enlace es "because (of) X, thereby Y". El resultado debe seguir. El marco solo muestra ese enlace.

Forma

Utilice este orden: sujeto + 因(为) + causa + 而 + resultado.

El sujeto suele ir primero y es el sujeto del resultado. Lugares y cosas pueden ser sujetos. La causa puede ser una frase verbal o nominal. 而 introduce el resultado. Una acción terminada, ya sea en la causa o en el resultado, puede llevar 了.

La coma antes de 而 es opcional. Las causas breves suelen unirse directamente a 而. 因病请假 significa solicitar permiso por enfermedad.

La causa también puede ser una cláusula corta con su propio sujeto. El primer sujeto sigue siendo el del resultado. Muchas causas distintas pueden ocupar ese espacio. 因为……所以…… permanece disponible y es más común en el habla cotidiana.

Ejemplos

她因准备不足而没有通过面试。

Tā yīn zhǔnbèi bùzú ér méiyǒu tōngguò miànshì. No aprobó la entrevista porque no se había preparado lo suficiente.

这条老街因为施工而暂时封闭。

Zhè tiáo lǎo jiē yīnwèi shīgōng ér zànshí fēngbì. Esta calle antigua está temporalmente cerrada debido a las obras.

Registro y contraste

Este marco es común en noticias, informes y avisos. El habla cotidiana prefiere 因为……所以…… o una cláusula simple con 因为. Ambas pueden ser correctas. Este es la opción escrita más concisa.

Mantenga 而 en este marco, porque marca el resultado. Sin esa articulación, la oración pertenece a un patrón diferente. Aquí 而 significa "por consiguiente". Este uso es independiente del uso de contraste.

Use el marco para un resultado que ocurre o es verdadero. Una suposición sobre el pasado requiere otras palabras. Lo mismo ocurre con una situación casi ocurrida.

Practice

¿Qué introduce 而?

博物馆因展厅维修而暂停开放。

A. Un contraste con las reparaciones. B. El resultado de las reparaciones. C. La causa del cierre.

¿Qué oración usa la estructura 因(为)……而……? El hecho permanece igual: niebla, tres vuelos cancelados.

A. 机场因为大雾，所以停飞了三个航班。 B. 机场因大雾而停飞了三个航班。 C. 机场大雾而停飞了三个航班。

Completa ambos espacios en blanco en la estructura 因(为)……而……

湖边的音乐会______突如其来的大风______改在了室内举行。

Ordena las partes como: sujeto + 因 + causa + 而 + resultado.

暴雨 / 而 / 全市的马拉松比赛 / 暂时改期了 / 因

Reescribe usando la estructura 因(为)……而……. Mantén el lugar y lo que se cerró.

因为电梯坏了，所以图书馆五楼的阅览室关门了。

Escribe una oración en la estructura 因(为)……而……. Las quejas por ruido llevaron a una fábrica a mudar su turno nocturno al horario diurno. Mantén ambas ideas. Las quejas son la causa.

Respuestas

B. Introduce el resultado.

博物馆因展厅维修而暂停开放。

Bówùguǎn yīn zhǎntīng wéixiū ér zàntíng kāifàng. El museo está temporalmente cerrado porque las salas están bajo reparación.

B. Solo B tiene la estructura completa. A también es chino correcto, pero en otra estructura. C carece de un marcador de causa.

机场因大雾而停飞了三个航班。

Jīchǎng yīn dàwù ér tíngfēi le sān gè hángbān. El aeropuerto canceló tres vuelos debido a la fuerte niebla.

因 o 因为, seguido de 而.

湖边的音乐会因突如其来的大风而改在了室内举行。

Húbiān de yīnyuèhuì yīn tūrúqílái de dàfēng ér gǎi zài le shìnèi jǔxíng. El concierto junto al lago se trasladó al interior debido a un viento fuerte repentino.

湖边的音乐会因为突如其来的大风而改在了室内举行。

Húbiān de yīnyuèhuì yīnwèi tūrúqílái de dàfēng ér gǎi zài le shìnèi jǔxíng.

Sujeto, luego causa, luego resultado.

全市的马拉松比赛因暴雨而暂时改期了。

Quánshì de mǎlāsōng bǐsài yīn bàoyǔ ér zànshí gǎiqī le. La carrera de maratón de la ciudad fue pospuesta debido a la lluvia torrencial.

因为 es igualmente válido.

图书馆五楼的阅览室因电梯坏了而关门了。

Túshūguǎn wǔ lóu de yuèlǎnshì yīn diàntī huài le ér guānmén le. La sala de lectura del quinto piso de la biblioteca se cerró porque el ascensor se averió.

图书馆五楼的阅览室因为电梯坏了而关门了。

Túshūguǎn wǔ lóu de yuèlǎnshì yīnwèi diàntī huài le ér guānmén le.

Otras formas de expresión son aceptables con esta causa.

这家工厂因邻居抱怨噪音而把夜班改到了白天。

Esta fábrica trasladó su turno nocturno al día debido a las quejas de ruido por parte de los vecinos.
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Patrones de oración — formales y escritos
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借 … 之名 (under the guise of)

The announced reason may hide another goal

Someone claims to attend a meeting but spends the trip sightseeing.

他借开会之名去旅游。 — The meeting is presented as a cover for travel.

Locate the pattern in real examples

借 … 之名 (under the guise of): 他借开会之名去旅游。; 有人借慈善之名骗钱。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāunder the guise of借jièstudy学习xué xíin the name of之名zhī mínggo out出去chū qùplay玩wán。

In the opening situation: 他借开会之名去旅游。

The meeting is presented as a cover for travel.

Check the limit of the explanation

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses.

A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他借之名开会去旅游 needs repair here. Write 他借开会之名去旅游 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The meeting is presented as a cover for travel. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses. A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

Try it with help closed

Someone claims to attend a meeting but spends the trip sightseeing. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他借开会之名去旅游。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses.

A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

通过 … 使 … (by …, bring about …)

Give the method a real subject

A team improves its pronunciation through repeated practice.

我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。 — 我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation.

Locate the pattern in real examples

通过 … 使 … (by …, bring about …): 这次培训使大家掌握了新技能。; 我们通过讨论，使问题变得更清楚了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

we我们wǒ menthrough通过tōng guòexercise锻炼duàn liàn，cause使shǐbody身体shēn tǐmore更gènghealthy健康jiàn kāng。

In the opening situation: 我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。

我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation.

Check the limit of the explanation

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters.

通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 通过使反复练习我们发音更标准 needs repair here. Write 我们通过反复练习，使发音更标准 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters. 通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

Try it with help closed

A team improves its pronunciation through repeated practice. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters.

通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

以 … 的名义 (in the name of)

Choose whose name appears on a letter

A class sends a gift as a group rather than from one student.

我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。 — The action is presented as being in the class's name.

Locate the pattern in real examples

以 … 的名义 (in the name of): 他以公司的名义发了邮件。; 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāin以yǐcompany公司gōng sī的dename名义míng yìsign签qiān了lecontract合同hé tong。

In the opening situation: 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

The action is presented as being in the class's name.

Check the limit of the explanation

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation.

以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我们以名义班级的送礼物 needs repair here. Write 我们以班级的名义送礼物 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The action is presented as being in the class's name. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation. 以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

Try it with help closed

A class sends a gift as a group rather than from one student. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation.

以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

势必 (be bound to / inevitably)

A strong forecast needs supporting reasons

A report predicts that a closure will necessarily affect travel.

封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。 — The writer presents the effect as unavoidable.

Locate the pattern in real examples

势必 (be bound to / inevitably): 这样做势必引起误会。; 长期熬夜势必影响健康。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

not不bùchange改变gǎi biàn，be bound to势必shì bìfall behind落后luò hòu。

In the opening situation: 封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。

The writer presents the effect as unavoidable.

Check the limit of the explanation

势必 is stronger than 可能.

It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 势了必影响出行 needs repair here. Write 势必影响出行 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The writer presents the effect as unavoidable. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

势必 is stronger than 可能. It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

Try it with help closed

A report predicts that a closure will necessarily affect travel. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

势必 is stronger than 可能.

It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

倘若 (if / should — literary)

Write a formal contingency

A formal invitation asks people to notify the organiser if difficulties arise.

倘若有困难，请告诉我们。 — The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs.

Locate the pattern in real examples

倘若 (if / should — literary): 倘若明天有雨,行程就改。; 倘若你愿意,我们一起去。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

should倘若tǎng ruòhave有yǒudifficulty困难kùn nan，please请qǐngtell告诉gào sume我wǒ。

In the opening situation: 倘若有困难，请告诉我们。

The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs.

Check the limit of the explanation

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary.

Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 倘了若有困难 needs repair here. Write 倘若有困难 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary. Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

Try it with help closed

A formal invitation asks people to notify the organiser if difficulties arise. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 倘若有困难，请告诉我们。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary.

Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

所 + Verb + 的 (that which is V-ed)

Turn an action's object into a noun phrase

A notice says all the material you need is available here.

你所需要的资料都在这里。 — 所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need.

Locate the pattern in real examples

所 + Verb + 的 (that which is V-ed): 他所说的都是实话。; 我们所看到的只是一部分。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèis是shìI我wǒ(that which)所suǒknow知道zhī dào的deall一切yí qiè。

In the opening situation: 你所需要的资料都在这里。

所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need.

Check the limit of the explanation

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive.

我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 你需要所的资料 needs repair here. Write 你所需要的资料 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive. 我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

Try it with help closed

A notice says all the material you need is available here. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 你所需要的资料都在这里。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive.

我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
13
Let alone…
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El mejor lector de tu clase aún no puede terminar este artículo antes del viernes. Un compañero quiere que los estudiantes nuevos lo resuman mañana. Necesitas una oración que suba desde ese caso sólido al más difícil.

连 …… 都(也) …… ，何况 …… — "even …, let alone …"

何况 significa "ni hablar" o "mucho menos". Una estructura 连 … 都(也) … primero presenta un caso extremo que ya es cierto. Luego, 何况 pasa a un caso aún más claro. La línea a menudo parece una pregunta, y el hablante espera acuerdo. 呢 suele cerrarla. 更 o 又 antes de 何况 intensifican la afirmación. Se usa tanto en habla como en escritura para enfatizar un punto. A y B son cualquier par que forme un ascenso real.

连 introduce un caso que ya es llamativo. En esa escala, sigue siendo el caso menor. 何况 nombra el caso que está más adelante. Puedes decirlo a un amigo o escribirlo en una nota. La fuerza proviene del ascenso, y el lenguaje se mantiene sencillo.

Forma

Una forma común es: Sujeto + 连 + A + 都(也) + Verbo ，(更/又)何况 + B + 呢？

连 marca el elemento extremo. Puede ser el sujeto, o seguir al sujeto cuando ese elemento es lo que el verbo trata. 都 es común. 也 es igualmente natural en el mismo lugar, incluso cuando el elemento extremo es un objeto. B pueden ser personas o cosas, o una acción. 呢 cierra una pregunta que espera acuerdo. Una cláusula de 何况 sin cierre también puede invitar a ese mismo acuerdo, incluyendo signo de interrogación. Los dos casos deben ser reales. Algo que casi ocurrió, o un resultado que existe solo en la imaginación, necesita otra redacción.

Ejemplos

连专业运动员都游不到对岸，更何况我们这些初学者呢？

Ni siquiera los atletas profesionales pueden nadar hasta la otra orilla, ni hablar de nosotros que acabamos de empezar.

他连一张市区地图也看不懂，又何况独自开车去外地呢？

No puede entender ni un mapa de la ciudad, ni hablar de conducir solo a otra región.

Contraste

El ascenso va de un caso menor a uno mayor. A, la parte marcada por 连, es la afirmación menor. B, después de 何况, es la afirmación más fuerte. Los profesionales que no llegan a la otra orilla son un caso menor que los principiantes. Intercambiar esos roles hace que este patrón pierda su sentido de "ni hablar". 都 y 也 marcan ambos el extremo, y la cláusula toma uno. Con 呢 o con un cierre simple, A sigue siendo menor y B sigue siendo mayor.

Practice

¿Qué cree el hablante sobre el lunes por la mañana?

连周末的早班地铁都挤满了人，何况周一早上呢？

Ni siquiera el tren temprano del fin de semana está lleno de gente, ni hablar del lunes por la mañana.

A. El lunes por la mañana es el tren menos concurrido. B. El lunes por la mañana está concurrido, y ese es el caso más claro. C. El tren temprano del fin de semana está casi vacío.

Elige el caso mayor que pueda seguir a 何况.

她连保存一张照片也不会，何况______？

No sabe ni guardar una foto, ni hablar de ______?

A. 把一份长报告发给全组

enviar un informe largo a todo el equipo

B. 看看现在的时间

ver la hora actual

C. 锁上手机屏幕

apagar la pantalla del móvil

¿Qué oración convierte a los conductores veteranos en el caso más claro?

A. 这条夜路连新司机都认得，更何况开了二十年的老司机呢？

Esta ruta nocturna incluso el conductor novato la reconoce, ¿cuánto más el veterano con veinte años de experiencia?

B. 更何况新司机这条夜路都认得，连开了二十年的老司机呢？

Incluso el conductor novato reconoce esta ruta nocturna, ¿cuánto más el veterano con veinte años de experiencia?

C. 这条夜路连开了二十年的老司机都认得，更何况新司机呢？

Incluso el veterano con veinte años de experiencia reconoce esta ruta nocturna, ¿cuánto más el conductor novato?

Coloca cada pieza en su lugar una vez. Los guías durante el día son el caso menor. Los turistas por la noche son el caso mayor. Mantén 这条山路 como 'el camino'.

觉得 / 游客 / 呢 / 连 / 这条山路 / 何况 / 白天 / 当地向导 / 更 / 夜里 / 都 / ， / 难走

Escribe una oración sobre este marco: 连……都……，更何况……呢？ El profesor ya considera que la grabación es demasiado rápida. Los estudiantes que empezaron a estudiar chino solo este año son el caso mayor. Mantén 老师, 这段录音 y 今年才开始学中文的学生.

Escribe una oración sobre este marco: 连……也……，又何况……呢？ Una persona cuya lengua materna es el chino aún lee mal el contrato. Un estudiante internacional de primer año es el caso mayor. Mantén 合同 y 一年级的留学生.

Respuestas

B. El tren temprano del fin de semana ya está lleno, así que el lunes por la mañana hay más gente. Lián zhōu mò de zǎo bān dì tiě dōu jǐ mǎn le rén, hé kuàng zhōu yī zǎo shang ne?

A. Enviar un informe largo a todo el grupo es la tarea telefónica más difícil. bǎ yí fèn cháng bào gào fā gěi quán zǔ. B y C son tareas menores, por lo que rompen la escalada.

A. Los conductores nuevos son el caso menor, y los veteranos siguen 更何况. Zhè tiáo yè lù lián xīn sī jī dōu rèn de, gèng hé kuàng kāi le èr shí nián de lǎo sī jī ne? B rompe el marco al comenzar con 更何况. Pone a los veteranos en la posición menor e invierte la escalada.

这条山路连当地向导白天都觉得难走，更何况游客夜里呢？

Esta senda montañosa incluso los guías locales consideran difícil de transitar durante el día, ¿cuánto más los turistas por la noche? 连 marca a los guías, el día se mantiene con ellos, y los turistas por la noche siguen 更何况. 这条山路 permanece como el camino difícil de transitar. También vale: 连当地向导白天都觉得这条山路难走，更何况游客夜里呢？ Lián dāng dì xiàng dǎo bái tiān dōu jué de zhè tiáo shān lù nán zǒu, hé kuàng yóu kè yè lǐ ne? Una coma después de 这条山路 también es aceptable.

这段录音连老师都觉得太快，更何况今年才开始学中文的学生呢？

Esta grabación incluso el profesor considera demasiado rápida, ¿cuánto más los estudiantes que apenas empiezan a estudiar chino este año? El profesor y la grabación son el caso menor. También vale: 连老师都觉得这段录音太快，更何况今年才开始学中文的学生呢？ Lián lǎo shī dōu jué de zhè duàn lù yīn tài kuài, hé kuàng jīn nián cái kāi shǐ xué Zhōng wén de xué shēng ne?

这份合同连以中文为母语的人也会读错，又何况一年级的留学生呢？

Este contrato incluso las personas para quienes el chino es la lengua materna pueden leerlo mal, ¿cuánto más los estudiantes internacionales de primer año? El hablante nativo es el caso menor. Otras formulaciones son válidas siempre que 合同, 一年级的留学生 y el marco requerido permanezcan intactos.
14
Comparación de adverbios similares
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

按照 vs 根据 (in accordance with vs based on)

A rule can be followed and cited

A notice cites the parking rule, while an instruction tells staff to follow a procedure.

请按照规定办理。 — 按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule.

Locate the pattern in real examples

按照 vs 根据 (in accordance with vs based on): 他的话毫无___。; ___调查，多数人支持这个计划。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

according to按照àn zhàothe rules规定guī dìnghandle办理bàn lǐ。

In the opening situation: 请按照规定办理。

按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule.

Check the limit of the explanation

根据规定办理 can also be natural.

The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 请规定按照办理 needs repair here. Write 请按照规定办理 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

根据规定办理 can also be natural. The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

Try it with help closed

A notice cites the parking rule, while an instruction tells staff to follow a procedure. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 请按照规定办理。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

根据规定办理 can also be natural.

The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不得不 vs 只好 (forced to vs only option)

Pressure and a last resort can overlap

The last bus has left, leaving walking as the available way home.

末班车走了，我只好走回家。 — 只好 highlights accepting the remaining option.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不得不 vs 只好 (forced to vs only option): 由于台风，航班___取消。; 医生说必须休息，他___放下工作。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒhave to不得不bù dé bùagree同意tóng yì。

In the opening situation: 末班车走了，我只好走回家。

只好 highlights accepting the remaining option.

Check the limit of the explanation

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity.

Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我好只走回家 needs repair here. Write 我只好走回家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

只好 highlights accepting the remaining option. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity. Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

Try it with help closed

The last bus has left, leaving walking as the available way home. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 末班车走了，我只好走回家。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity.

Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不断 vs 不停 (continually vs non-stop)

Repeated progress is not a stopwatch rule

A report describes technology continuing to improve over time.

技术在不断进步。 — 不断 presents continuing development.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不断 vs 不停 (continually vs non-stop): 科技在___发展。; 我们要___学习新知识。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

technology技术jì shùcontinually不断bú duànadvance进步jìn bù。

In the opening situation: 技术在不断进步。

不断 presents continuing development.

Check the limit of the explanation

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps.

不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 技术在断不进步 needs repair here. Write 技术在不断进步 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

不断 presents continuing development. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps. 不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

Try it with help closed

A report describes technology continuing to improve over time. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 技术在不断进步。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps.

不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

反而 vs 却 (instead vs however)

Identify the expectation that was reversed

Someone tries to help but makes the situation more confusing.

他想帮忙，反而添了乱。 — The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result.

Locate the pattern in real examples

反而 vs 却 (instead vs however): 风不但没停，___越来越大。; 吃了药，病不但没好，___更重了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

illness病bìnginstead反而fǎn érmore更gèngserious重zhòng了le。

In the opening situation: 他想帮忙，反而添了乱。

The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result.

Check the limit of the explanation

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast.

反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他想帮忙，添了乱反而 needs repair here. Write 他想帮忙，反而添了乱 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast. 反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

Try it with help closed

Someone tries to help but makes the situation more confusing. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他想帮忙，反而添了乱。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast.

反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

根本 vs 到底 (at all vs on earth)

A denial differs from a demand for an answer

A speaker firmly denies knowing someone, then asks what the listener wants.

我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？ — 根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer.

Locate the pattern in real examples

根本 vs 到底 (at all vs on earth): 我___不认识他。; 这件事他___没听说过。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒat all根本gēn běnnot不bùknow知道zhī dào。

In the opening situation: 我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？

根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer.

Check the limit of the explanation

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师.

根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我不认识他根本 needs repair here. Write 我根本不认识他 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师. 根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

Try it with help closed

A speaker firmly denies knowing someone, then asks what the listener wants. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师.

根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

根据 vs 据 (based on vs formal shorthand)

Compact reporting can still take an object

A report introduces a conclusion based on a survey.

据调查，多数人支持这个计划。 — 据 names the source in compact written style.

Locate the pattern in real examples

根据 vs 据 (based on vs formal shorthand): 大家的意见，我们修改了计划。; 这种说法没有科学。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

based on根据gēn jùthe survey调查diào chá，everyone大家dà jiāall都dōuagrees同意tóng yì。

In the opening situation: 据调查，多数人支持这个计划。

据 names the source in compact written style.

Check the limit of the explanation

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects.

根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 这种说法没有科学据 needs repair here. Write 这种说法没有科学根据 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

据 names the source in compact written style. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects. 根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

Try it with help closed

A report introduces a conclusion based on a survey. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 据调查，多数人支持这个计划。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects.

根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

恢复 vs 还原 (recover vs restore to original)

A service returns; a scene is reconstructed

An internet connection works again after an outage.

网络恢复正常了。 — 恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function.

Locate the pattern in real examples

恢复 vs 还原 (recover vs restore to original): 他身体已经___了。; 网络___正常了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tārecover恢复huī fù了lehealth健康jiàn kāng。

In the opening situation: 网络恢复正常了。

恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function.

Check the limit of the explanation

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price.

还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 网络复恢正常了 needs repair here. Write 网络恢复正常了 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price. 还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

Try it with help closed

An internet connection works again after an outage. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 网络恢复正常了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price.

还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

居然 vs 反而 (surprisingly vs instead)

Surprise and reversal can describe one event

Someone tries to help but unexpectedly makes a mess.

他想帮忙，居然添了乱。 — 居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result.

Locate the pattern in real examples

居然 vs 反而 (surprisingly vs instead): 这么简单的题，他___做错了。; 他___忘了自己的生日。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāsurprisingly居然jū ránsucceed成功chéng gōng了le。

In the opening situation: 他想帮忙，居然添了乱。

居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result.

Check the limit of the explanation

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal.

The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他想帮忙，添了乱居然 needs repair here. Write 他想帮忙，居然添了乱 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal. The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

Try it with help closed

Someone tries to help but unexpectedly makes a mess. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他想帮忙，居然添了乱。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal.

The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一度 vs 一时 (at one time vs for the moment)

A brief mistake can belong to the past

A person once made a hasty decision while briefly excited.

他一时高兴，答应得太快了。 — 一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一度 vs 一时 (at one time vs for the moment): 他曾___想放弃，后来坚持了下来。; 这首歌前几年___很流行，现在没人听了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhè(measure word)首shǒusong歌gēat one time一度yí dùvery很hěnpopular流行liú xíng。

In the opening situation: 他一时高兴，答应得太快了。

一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment.

Check the limit of the explanation

一时 is not restricted to now.

一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他时一高兴 needs repair here. Write 他一时高兴 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

一时 is not restricted to now. 一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

Try it with help closed

A person once made a hasty decision while briefly excited. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他一时高兴，答应得太快了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

一时 is not restricted to now.

一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一直 vs 一向 (continuously vs habitually)

A continuous action differs from a usual habit

You have been waiting throughout the morning for a reply.

我一直在等你的消息。 — 一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一直 vs 一向 (continuously vs habitually): 雨___下到今天早上。; 我___在等你的消息。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒcontinuously一直yì zhí(doing)在zàiwait等děngyou你nǐ。

In the opening situation: 我一直在等你的消息。

一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span.

Check the limit of the explanation

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向.

一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我直一在等你的消息 needs repair here. Write 我一直在等你的消息 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向. 一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

Try it with help closed

You have been waiting throughout the morning for a reply. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我一直在等你的消息。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向.

一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
15
Comparación de sustantivos similares
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Programa de aprendizaje próximamente
Material
Dos compañeros de piso han tenido un desacuerdo por los platos. Uno dice que deberían apoyarse mutuamente; el otro solo describe a la persona sentada frente a él en la mesa. Un vecino añade un comentario general sobre las personas fuera del apartamento, luego una línea más aguda sobre uno de los dos compañeros que ambos podrían nombrar, y finalmente un "yo" juguetón para evitar ayudar. El inglés lo resume con "each other" y "other people". El chino utiliza dos pares distintos.

彼此 vs. 对方

两者都可以翻译为“互相”，但指向不同。彼此是双向互动的：动作在双方之间进行，“相互地，彼此”。像互相一样，它可以直接放在动词前。对方指代面对你的那一方，用作名词。

彼此稍微更平衡一些，常用于建议或关于团队、关系的日常对话中。对方在双方对立时是中性的。彼此可以跟在们、你们或大家后面；对方不能占据这个位置。

Forma

彼此 + 动词表示互惠的动作。对方是名词：对方的 + 名词，或者对方作为主语或宾语，例如对方同意和感谢对方。作主语时，它指明行动者，并不意为“相互地”。

Ejemplos

我们彼此体谅了这么久，怎么还会误会对方的好意？

Wǒmen bǐcǐ tǐliàng le zhème jiǔ, zěnme hái huì wùhuì duìfāng de hǎoyì? 我们一直对彼此都很体谅——怎么还会误解对方的好意呢？

签协议之前，双方先确认对方的责任，再决定要不要继续。

Qiān xiéyì zhīqián, shuāngfāng xiān quèrèn duìfāng de zérèn, zài juédìng yào bú yào jìxù. 签署协议之前，双方首先确认对方的责任，然后再决定是否继续。

Contraste

彼此可以直接放在动词前，如彼此尊重。对方的责任指明了另一方的部分，而我们尊重对方则保持该名词作宾语。在们、你们或大家之后，彼此的意思是“群体中的彼此”，而不是“对面的那一方”。

人家 vs. 别人

别人是对“其他人”或“某人”的中性说法，没有特指某人和额外的情感色彩。人家是口语化的。两者在一般概括中可以重叠。更多时候，人家指向一个已经明确的人，并带有抱怨、温情或不耐烦的情绪。它也可以是一个含蓄的“我”。别人从不表示“我”。

别人适合口语和书面语。含蓄用法的人家听起来柔和或恳切，这种用法更适合对话而非正式文章。中性句子也可以使用人家；人家增添的是情感色彩。

Forma

别人 + 中性评论。人家 + 关于已知人物的口语评论，或关于说话人自己的“我”。

Ejemplos

一个一般的界限，然后针对一位同事晋升的讽刺：

别人的工资多少，轮不到我过问；人家明明是靠自己努力升职的，你别在背后议论。

Biéren de gōngzī duōshao, lún bú dào wǒ guòwèn; rénjia míngmíng shì kào zìjǐ nǔlì shēngzhí de, nǐ bié zài bèihòu yìlùn. 其他人的工资多少轮不到我来问；那个人明明是靠自己的努力升职的，别在背后议论他。

说话人指的是自己湿透的鞋子：

人家刚跑完步，鞋都湿了，让我先换双鞋嘛。

Rénjia gāng pǎo wán bù, xié dōu shī le, ràng wǒ xiān huàn shuāng xié ma. Acabo de terminar mi carrera y mis zapatos están empapados — déjame cambiarlos primero.

Contraste

En un comentario general, los dos pueden superponerse, aunque 人家 suena más personal. Vinculado a 让我 y un 嘛 suave, 人家 significa "yo", mientras que 别人 seguiría significando otras personas, por lo que la solicitud no procedería. 对方 es ni "otros" en sentido general ni un "yo" coqueto.

Practice

Elige A, B o C. 下一场比赛前，我们要______鼓励，而不是只顾自己。 A. 彼此 B. 对方 C. 别人

Elige A, B o C. La nota se refiere solo a este cliente. 先记下______的要求，再写我们的处理办法。 A. 彼此 B. 对方 C. 别人

Coloca cada fragmento en una oración una sola vez. Fragmentos: 时间 / 对方 / 应该 / 的 / 我们 / 尊重 / 彼此 La oración debe indicar que respetamos mutuamente el tiempo de la otra parte.

Elige A, B o C. Ella está hablando sobre sí misma con una voz suave y juguetona. “______现在不想写嘛，让我再看一集。” A. 别人 B. 人家 C. 对方

Elige A, B o C. Lin Na misma arregló la lámpara, y ella es la persona a quien hay que agradecer. 你怎么还怪林娜？______昨晚就把那盏灯修好了，你该谢谢她。 A. 别人 B. 人家 C. 彼此

Escribe una oración. Usa 彼此 una vez y 对方 una vez: 彼此 antes del verbo de confirmación, 对方 con 风险清单. Dos grupos deben confirmar mutuamente la lista de riesgos del otro grupo.

Respuestas

A. 彼此下一场比赛前，我们要彼此鼓励，而不是只顾自己。 Xià yì chǎng bǐsài qián, wmen yào bǐcǐ gǔlì, ér bú shì zhǐ gù zìjǐ. 彼此 antes de 鼓励 hace que el aliento sea mutuo, lo cual coincide con 而不是只顾自己. 对方 nombraría a un lado como sujeto de 鼓励, no un acto recíproco. 别人 introduciría a personas externas que la oración nunca menciona.

B. 对方先记下对方的要求，再写我们的处理办法。 Xiān jì xià duìfāng de yāoqiú, zài xiě wǒmen de chǔlǐ bànfǎ. Los requisitos pertenecen a este cliente, la contraparte, por lo que el sustantivo es 对方的要求. 彼此的要求 sería lo que quieren ambas partes. 别人的要求 dejaría fuera a este cliente y hablaría de personas en general.

我们应该彼此尊重对方的时间。 Wǒmen yīnggāi bǐcǐ zūnzhòng duìfāng de shíjiān. 彼此 se coloca antes de 尊重, y 对方的 tiempo mantiene 时间 vinculado a la contraparte. También aceptable: 我们彼此应该尊重对方的时间。 Wǒmen bǐcǐ yīnggāi zūnzhòng duìfāng de shíjiān. O, con las mismas piezas topicalizadas: 对方的时间，我们应该彼此尊重。 Duìfāng de shíjiān, wǒmen yīnggāi bǐcǐ zūnzhòng.

B. 人家人家现在不想写嘛，让我再看一集。 Rénjia xiànzài bù xiǎng xiě ma, ràng wǒ zài kàn yì jí. 人家 es el "yo" coqueto, por eso puede añadir 让我再看一集 y 嘛. 别人 significaría que otras personas no quieren escribir, por lo que la solicitud de dejarla ver un episodio no procedería. 对方 no puede significar al hablante.

B. 人家你怎么还怪林娜？人家昨晚就把那盏灯修好了，你该谢谢她。 Nǐ zěnme hái guài Lín Nà? Rénjia zuówǎn jiù bǎ nà zhǎn dēng xiū hǎo le, nǐ gāi xièxie tā. 人家 señala a 林娜, la persona que arregló 那盏灯 y la 她 a la que hay que agradecer. El tono es hablado y directo. 别人 significaría que alguien más arregló la lámpara, por lo que los agradecimientos no le llegarían a ella. 彼此 no destaca a una sola persona.

两个小组应该彼此确认对方的风险清单。 Los dos grupos deben confirmarse mutuamente la lista de riesgos del otro. El orden 'mutuamente antes de confirmar' mantiene el significado de confirmación recíproca, y 'la lista de riesgos del otro grupo' conserva el sustantivo correspondiente al segundo grupo. Una equivalencia cercana como 'Los dos grupos deben verificar mutuamente la lista de riesgos del otro grupo' es adecuada si se preservan esos dos enlaces semánticos.