Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
AP Human Geography Topic 5 8:32 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
Two farmers.
两位农民。
The same job: grow food.
同样的工作：种粮食。
Completely different worlds.
世界却完全不同。
One drives a machine across a field so wide you cannot see the end of it, and every grain she cuts will be sold.
一个人开着机器穿过一望无际的田地， 她收割的每一粒粮食都要拿去出售。
The other bends over a small plot with a hand hoe, and almost all of it will feed his own family.
另一个人弯着腰，用手锄照料一小块地， 他种出来的几乎全部都用来养活自己一家。
Why here?
为什么在这里？
Why like this?
为什么是这样？
This is Unit Five, in six steps.
这就是第五单元，分六步。
What farming is, and how farms sit on the land.
什么是农业，以及农场如何分布在土地上。
Where farming began, and the revolutions that changed it.
农业在哪里起源，以及改变它的几次革命。
The production regions of the world.
世界的农业生产区。
Then von Thünen, the model the exam loves.
然后是冯·杜能，考试最爱考的模型。
The global food system.
全球粮食体系。
And last, the consequences and the debates.
最后是各种后果与争论。
Agriculture is growing crops and raising animals for food and materials, and every farm sits on two axes at once.
农业就是种植作物、饲养动物，以取得食物和原料； 任何一个农场都可以同时放在两条轴上。
Across the top is intensity: how much work and money go into each hectare.
横轴是集约度：每公顷投入多少劳动和资金。
Intensive farming pours a lot into a small area.
集约农业在小面积土地上投入很多。
Extensive farming spreads a little over a lot of land.
粗放农业在大面积土地上投入很少。
Down the side, who the food is for: subsistence agriculture feeds the family, commercial agriculture feeds a market — and which one dominates tells you a region's level of development.
纵轴是粮食供给谁：自给农业养活自家，商业农业供给市场—— 哪一种占主导，就说明了一个地区的发展水平。
Wet rice is intensive subsistence.
水稻是集约型自给农业。
Herding is extensive subsistence.
游牧是粗放型自给农业。
A tea plantation is intensive commercial.
茶叶种植园是集约型商业农业。
A cattle ranch is extensive commercial.
养牛牧场是粗放型商业农业。
Farmers do not settle at random.
农民不是随意定居的。
In a clustered, or nucleated, village the houses sit close together.
集聚式村落里房屋紧挨在一起。
In a dispersed pattern each farm stands alone.
分散式的每个农场独立坐落在自己的土地上。
In a linear pattern the homes follow a road or a river.
线状式的房屋沿着道路或河流排列。
Survey methods then cut the land three ways.
测量者又用三种方法划分土地。
Metes and bounds traces natural features, so edges are irregular.
自然边界法沿着自然地物划界，所以边缘很不规则。
Township and range lays a grid of squares.
方格测量法把土地划成方格。
And the long lot gives each farm a thin strip to the water.
长条田法给每个农场一条细长地块，一直伸到水边。
Agricultural origins and revolutions, first.
先说农业的起源与几次革命。
Farming was invented, not discovered.
农业是被发明出来的，不是被发现的。
The First Agricultural Revolution — the Neolithic — began in a few agricultural hearths: the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, South East Asia and Central America.
它起源于少数几个农业起源地： 新月沃地、印度河流域、东南亚和中美洲。
From there, crops and animals spread across the world.
作物和牲畜从那里传播到世界各地。
Much later, the Second Agricultural Revolution used the machines of the Industrial Revolution to lift output, feed the cities, and free people for factory work.
很久以后，第二次农业革命借助工业革命的机器提高了产量， 养活了城市，也让更多人可以去工厂工作。
Farming spread by diffusion, and geographers name four kinds.
农业靠扩散传播，地理学家把它分为四种。
In relocation diffusion the people move and the crop goes with them.
迁移扩散是人移动了，作物随人一起走。
In contagious diffusion it spreads outward, farm to neighbouring farm.
传染扩散是从一个农场传到邻近农场，向外蔓延。
In hierarchical diffusion it jumps to the big places first.
等级扩散是先跳到大地方。
In stimulus diffusion the idea is copied but changed to suit local soil.
刺激扩散是照搬这个想法，但为适应当地土壤而作了改变。
The Green Revolution arrived in the mid twentieth century.
绿色革命出现在二十世纪中期。
Scientists bred high-yield wheat and rice, backed by fertiliser, irrigation and machines.
科学家培育出高产的小麦和水稻， 并配上化肥、灌溉和机械。
Harvests in Mexico and India doubled; the expected famine never came.
墨西哥和印度的收成翻了一番，人人预料的饥荒并没有到来。
Now the other side.
再看另一面。
Seeds and chemicals must be bought every year, so the poorest were left behind.
种子和化学品每年都要重新购买，所以最贫穷的人被落下了。
Irrigation drained rivers and salted the soil.
灌溉抽干了河流，还在土壤里留下盐分。
In the exam, give a gain, give a cost, then judge.
在考试里，说一个好处，说一个代价，然后作出评价。
Climate and money together decide what a region grows.
气候和金钱共同决定一个地区种什么。
In the wet tropics, farmers clear a patch, burn it, crop it, then move on: shifting cultivation.
在湿热的热带，农民砍开一片林地，烧掉， 耕种，然后迁走：这叫迁移农业。
In dry lands, herders walk their animals between pastures: pastoral nomadism.
在干旱地区，牧民赶着牲畜在牧场之间移动：这叫游牧。
On the commercial side, a plantation grows one cash crop for export, like the tea here.
在商业这一边，种植园只种一种经济作物用于出口，就像这里的茶叶。
Market gardening grows vegetables close to the city.
商品园艺在城市附近种蔬菜。
One crop over a huge area is monoculture: efficient, but one disease can take it all.
在很大面积上只种一种作物叫做单一栽培： 效率高，但一场病害就可能全毁掉。
Spatial organization, and the von Thunen model, come next.
接下来是空间组织，以及冯·杜能模型。
In 1826 von Thünen, a German landowner, wrote the pattern down as a model.
1826年，德国地主冯·杜能把这个规律写成了一个模型。
Put one city on a flat, featureless plain.
在一片平坦、毫无特征的平原上放一座城市。
Every farmer works out what he can pay for land: the market price, minus growing costs, minus the cost of carting goods in.
每个农民都在算他能为土地出多少钱： 市场价格，减去种植成本，再减去把货物运进城的成本。
That is bid-rent theory: the bid falls with distance, so transport cost shapes land use.
这就是他的竞租，它随距离下降。
Dairy falls steeply, grain gently, ranching almost flat, and the highest bidder wins each of the concentric rings.
乳品下降得很陡，谷物很缓，放牧几乎是平的。
Mixed crop and livestock farming sits between them.
出价最高的人赢得每一圈。
Here are the rings.
这就是那些同心圈。
At the centre is the market.
中心是市场。
Ring one is dairying and market gardening: milk and vegetables spoil fast and are heavy, so they stay close.
第一圈是乳品业和商品园艺： 牛奶和蔬菜容易变质，又重，所以要靠近市场。
Ring two, in his day, was forest: firewood and timber were bulky to cart.
第二圈在他那个年代是森林： 木柴和木材体积大、运费贵。
Ring three is field crops and grain, which keep for months and travel cheaply.
第三圈是大田作物和谷物，它们能存放几个月，运输又便宜。
Ring four is ranching, spread thinly over cheap land.
第四圈是放牧，稀疏地铺在便宜的土地上。
Wheat is worth far less per tonne than milk.
每吨小麦的价值远低于牛奶。
So why does wheat get the distant land, and dairy the ring beside the market?
那为什么小麦占了远处的土地， 而乳品业占了市场旁边那一圈？
Pause here and think it through.
先暂停，自己想一想。
Rent is what a crop can pay for the land.
地租就是一种作物能为土地付出的钱。
Milk is heavy and it spoils, so its cost climbs steeply with every kilometre.
牛奶又重又容易变质，所以每多一公里，成本上升得很快。
Dairy loses the most from distance, so dairy outbids everything close to the market.
距离对乳品业的损害最大，所以乳品业在靠近市场的地方出价最高。
Wheat travels cheaply and keeps well, so it still profits far out.
小麦运输便宜又耐放，所以它在远处仍然有利润。
The rings are set by transport cost per kilometre, not by crop value.
同心圈由每公里的运输成本决定，而不是由作物的价值决定。
The same bidding happens at the edge of a growing city.
在不断扩张的城市边缘，同样的竞价也在发生。
Shops pay the most for the centre.
商店为市中心出价最高。
Houses outbid farms a little further out.
再往外一点，住宅的出价超过农田。
So when a city spreads, the field beside it is suddenly worth more with houses on it than with wheat.
于是当城市扩张时， 旁边那块地用来盖房子突然比种小麦更值钱。
That is why suburbs eat farmland.
这就是郊区不断吞噬农田的原因。
Your breakfast is a world map.
你的早餐就是一张世界地图。
Coffee from Brazil, cocoa from Ghana, soy from Argentina.
咖啡来自巴西，可可来自加纳，大豆来自阿根廷。
Food moves along global supply chains linking a farmer in one country to a shopper in another, and agribusiness runs them end to end.
食物沿着全球供应链流动，把一个国家的农民和另一个国家的购物者连在一起。
That brings a risk.
这也带来风险。
When a country earns most of its money from one or two export commodities, a bad world price hurts the whole nation, and food security goes with it.
当一个国家的收入大部分来自一种出口作物时， 世界市场上的一次坏价格就会伤害整个国家。
Fair trade is one answer: a guaranteed minimum price for the grower.
公平贸易是一种回应：为种植者保证一个最低价格。
Then the consequences and challenges of agriculture.
然后是农业带来的后果与挑战。
Feeding eight billion people leaves marks on the land.
养活八十亿人会在土地上留下痕迹。
The environmental costs first: ploughing and over-grazing cause soil degradation, and in dry regions desertification.
翻耕和过度放牧剥走表层土壤， 在干旱地区土地会变成荒漠。
Fertiliser pollution washes into rivers and feeds algae until the fish suffocate.
化肥被冲进河流，喂养藻类，直到鱼窒息而死。
Irrigation water evaporates and leaves salt behind.
灌溉的水蒸发以后留下盐分。
Deforestation clears fields, and the wildlife goes with it.
森林被清除来变成农田，野生动物也随之消失。
The economic and social costs follow — land use change as suburbanisation eats farmland at the city edge, and the argument over GMOs.
随后是经济和社会代价：郊区化在城市边缘不断吞掉农田，带来土地利用的改变， 还有围绕转基因作物的争论。
Then the arguments.
接下来是各种争论。
Genetically modified crops promise more food with less spray, and raise worries about biodiversity and seed ownership.
转基因作物承诺用更少的农药生产更多粮食， 也让人担心生物多样性和种子归谁所有。
Some city neighbourhoods are food deserts, where fresh food is hard to buy.
有些城市街区是食物荒漠，在那里很难买到新鲜食物。
Against that push community farms, organic growing and local food.
与之对抗的是社区农场、有机种植和本地食物运动。
And one fact the exam rewards: in much of the developing world women do most of the subsistence farming, but hold far weaker land rights.
还有一个考试爱给分的事实：在发展中世界的许多地方，自给农业的大部分劳动由女性完成， 但她们对土地的权利却弱得多。
One last habit, worth marks in every unit: read the command word.
最后一个习惯，它在每一个单元里都能拿分：读清楚指令词。
Describe the concept of an early hearth of domestication.
描述早期驯化起源地这一概念。
Describe wants the key features, not a cause.
描述要的是关键特征，不是原因。
So a full-mark answer names where it happened and says the practice then spread from there.
所以满分答案会说出它发生在哪里，并说明这种做法随后从那里传播开来。
Had the paper said explain, you would have to add why.
如果卷子上写的是解释，你就必须再加上为什么。
Five marks students lose every year.
五个学生年年都会失掉的分。
First, classify farming on two axes at once: subsistence or commercial, intensive or extensive.
第一，把农业同时放在两条轴上分类： 自给还是商业，集约还是粗放。
Second, drive every von Thünen answer with transport cost and how fast the product spoils.
第二，任何冯·杜能的答案都要用运输成本 和产品变质的快慢来推动。
Third, weigh the Green Revolution: a gain, a cost, then a judgement.
第三，评价绿色革命：一个好处，一个代价，然后一个判断。
Fourth, name the survey system from the shape of the fields.
第四，从田块的形状说出土地测量方法的名称。
Fifth, always link farming back to soil, water and forest.
第五，永远把农业和土壤、水与森林联系起来。