Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
AP Human Geography Topic 6 8:14 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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More than half of the people on Earth now live in a city, and that share still grows.
如今，地球上一半以上的人住在城市里，而且这个比例还在上升。
A city can pull in money, jobs and ideas from the whole planet.
一座城市可以把全世界的资金、工作和想法都吸引过来。
And on a hillside nearby, families build their own homes with no water pipe and no legal address.
而在不远处的山坡上，还有家庭自己盖房子，没有自来水管，也没有合法的地址。
The same city, the same year.
同一座城市，同一年。
Geography asks why.
地理学要问的是：为什么。
Welcome to Unit Six.
欢迎来到第六单元。
This unit is about cities: why they start where they do, how they spread outward, how big they grow compared with each other, how they are arranged inside, and the problems that growth brings.
这一单元讲城市：城市为什么在那里出现，怎样向外扩张， 彼此之间规模有多大差别，内部又是怎样安排的，以及增长带来了哪些问题。
Let's begin.
让我们开始吧。
Here is the plan.
这是我们的计划。
First, urbanization, and why a city grew where it did.
第一，城市化，以及城市为什么在那个地方发展起来。
Then world cities and globalization.
然后是世界城市与全球化。
Then the size and spacing of cities across a country.
接着是一个国家内部城市的规模与间距。
Then the models of the inside of a city, and density.
再来是描述城市内部的模型，以及密度。
And last, the challenges of urban change.
最后是城市变化带来的挑战。
Urbanization means the rising share of people living in cities.
城市化，是指住在城市里的人口比例不断上升。
It began when farming produced a surplus, so not everyone had to grow food, and it sped up with the Industrial Revolution.
它始于农业出现剩余、不再需要人人种地的时候，又在工业革命之后加快。
Every city also has a site and a situation.
每座城市也都有场地和区位。
Then transport, communication and industrial jobs drive the growth.
之后，交通、通信和工业岗位推动城市继续增长。
Site and situation get mixed up every year.
场地和区位每年都有人搞混。
A city's site is the land it sits on: flat ground, fresh water, a harbour, a hill you can defend.
城市的场地，是它所占的那块土地： 平坦的地面、淡水、港口、可以防守的山丘。
Its situation is where it sits compared with everywhere else: on a trade route, at a river mouth, near a big market.
区位，是它相对于其他所有地方的位置： 在贸易路线上、在河口、靠近大市场。
Take New Orleans.
以新奥尔良为例。
Its site is poor, low, wet delta land.
它的场地很差：低洼潮湿的三角洲。
But its situation is superb.
但它的区位极好。
Cities do not only grow taller; they grow outward.
城市不只是长高，也向外扩张。
When people move from the centre to the edge, that is suburbanization.
人们从市中心搬到边缘，这叫郊区化。
When the edge spreads in low-density housing that eats farmland, that is sprawl.
边缘不断以低密度住宅向外蔓延、吞掉农田，这叫城市蔓延。
A suburb that grows into a city of its own is a boomburb.
一个长成独立城市的郊区，叫做新兴城。
Jobs follow the people, so offices gather at a motorway junction and make an edge city.
就业也跟着人走， 写字楼聚集在高速公路交汇处，形成边缘城市。
Further out sit exurbs, small places for people who still commute all the way in.
再往外是远郊，住着仍然每天长途通勤进城的人。
Size and power are not the same thing.
大和强不是一回事。
A megacity is simply big: more than ten million people.
特大城市只是人多：超过一千万人。
But a world city is defined by influence, not by size.
但世界城市是由影响力定义的，而不是规模。
It is a command centre of the global economy — New York, London, Tokyo.
它是全球经济的指挥中心—— 纽约、伦敦、东京。
World cities are tied to each other in a network, so a decision made in one of them can close a factory on the other side of the planet.
世界城市彼此连成一张网络， 所以其中一座城市里的一个决定，可能让地球另一端的一家工厂关门。
Here is a real exam question. Compare the concept of a metacity with the concept of a world city.
这是一道真实的考题：比较特大都市与世界城市这两个概念。
Stop at the command word.
先停在命令词上。
Compare means one explicit point of difference, not two definitions side by side.
比较，要求给出一个明确的差异点，而不是把两个定义并排放着。
A metacity is defined by size: a built-up area of more than twenty million people.
特大都市由规模定义：一片超过两千万人的连片建成区。
A world city is defined by influence.
世界城市由影响力定义。
Join them with the word while.
用一个“而”字把两者连起来。
Tokyo is both, but a huge metacity in a poor country may not be a world city at all.
东京两者都是， 但穷国的一座巨大特大都市，可能根本不是世界城市。
Now zoom out to the whole country.
现在把视野拉到整个国家。
Three ideas explain where cities sit and how big they are.
有三个概念解释城市在哪里、有多大。
The rank-size rule says the second city is about half the largest, the third about a third, the fourth about a quarter.
位序规模法则说：第二大城市大约是最大城市的一半，第三大约三分之一， 第四大约四分之一。
A primate city breaks that ladder: it is more than twice the second city.
首位城市打破了这条阶梯：它比第二大城市大一倍以上。
And the gravity model says two cities interact more when they are big and close.
引力模型则说：两座城市越大、离得越近，相互作用就越强。
Watch the ladder appear.
看这条阶梯是怎么出现的。
Each bar is one city, tallest first, and each one is the largest divided by its rank.
每根柱子是一座城市，从最大开始， 每一根都是最大城市除以它的位序。
Then one country breaks the pattern: a single bar towers over all the rest.
然后有一个国家打破了这个规律： 一根柱子高高凌驾于其余所有柱子之上。
That is a primate city — Paris, or Bangkok.
那就是首位城市——巴黎，或者曼谷。
Let's use it.
我们来用一用。
Country A: largest twelve million, second six point one, fourth three.
A国：最大城市一千二百万，第二位六百一十万，第四位三百万。
Country B: largest twelve million, second two point five.
B国：最大一千二百万，第二位二百五十万。
Which follows the rank-size rule?
哪一个符合位序规模法则？
Test the second city first.
先检验第二大城市。
For A, the rule predicts twelve divided by two, which is six, and the real figure is six point one.
对A国，法则预测一千二百万除以二等于六百万， 而实际是六百一十万。
Twelve divided by four is three, and three is right.
一千二百万除以四等于三百万，实际也正好是三百万。
So A follows the rule.
所以A国符合法则。
For B, twelve is more than twice two point five, so B has a primate city, and you can stop.
对B国，一千二百万超过二百五十万的两倍， 所以B国有一座首位城市，到这里就可以停了。
Central place theory. Christaller asked why settlements are spaced the way they are.
克里斯塔勒问的是：聚落之间的间距为什么是这样的？
Circles that reach every customer overlap; circles that never overlap leave gaps.
能覆盖每一位顾客的圆会相互重叠；互不重叠的圆又会留下空隙。
Hexagons do both jobs, so he drew market areas as hexagons.
六边形两件事都能做到，所以他把市场区画成六边形。
Then the hierarchy: a bakery needs few customers, so bakeries are many and close.
接着是等级：面包店只需要少量顾客，所以又多又密。
A hospital needs far more, so there are fewer, further apart.
医院需要的顾客多得多，所以数量更少、相距更远。
Now step inside one city.
现在走进一座城市内部。
Burgess saw rings: the city grows outward from the Central Business District — the CBD — so each ring is a different age and land use.
伯吉斯看到的是同心圆：城市从中央商务区向外生长， 所以每一圈的年代不同，土地利用也不同。
Hoyt saw wedges, because land use follows the roads and railways outward.
霍伊特看到的是扇形，因为土地利用沿着道路和铁路向外延伸。
Harris and Ullman saw several centres at once, each pulling its own land use.
哈里斯和乌尔曼看到的是同时存在的多个中心，每一个都吸引着自己的土地利用类型。
In the exam you get a description and must name the model.
考试会给你一段描述，要你说出这是哪个模型。
Rings around one centre, each newer as you go out — that is the concentric zone model, from Burgess.
围绕一个中心的一圈圈，越往外越新—— 那是伯吉斯的同心圆模型。
Wedges spreading along a railway or a main road — that is Hoyt's sector model.
沿着铁路或主干道向外延伸的楔形—— 那是霍伊特的扇形模型。
Several separate centres and no single downtown — that is the multiple nuclei model.
几个彼此分开的中心、没有唯一的市中心——那是多核心模型。
Two more are named in the course: the galactic city model, and the Latin American model.
课程里还提到两个：银河城市模型，以及拉丁美洲模型。
Why is the centre full of shops and towers?
为什么市中心满是商店和高楼？
Everyone bids for the same land, and each bidder gives up at a different rate.
所有人都在竞价同一块土地， 而每一类竞价者随距离放弃的速度不同。
Shops pay most at the centre but drop away fast.
商店在市中心出价最高，但很快下降。
Homes pay less and hold on longer.
住宅出价低一些，却能坚持更远。
Farms pay least and stay furthest out.
农场出价最低，留在最外围。
The highest bid at each distance wins, and that is the ring pattern.
每一段距离上出价最高的一方获胜——这正好画出了城市的圈层格局。
Bid-rent explains density too.
竞租也解释了密度。
Link land value to density: central land costs most, so builders go upward — high-density towers in the middle, low-density houses with gardens at the edge.
市中心的土地最贵，所以建筑向上发展：中心是高密度的高楼， 边缘是带花园的低密度住宅。
Zoning laws set what may be built where.
分区规划规定什么地方能建什么。
And infrastructure — roads, water, power, transit — must grow with the city.
而基础设施——道路、供水、电力、公共交通——必须跟着城市一起增长。
Where it lags behind, informal settlements appear.
哪里跟不上，哪里就出现非正规住区。
Fast growth brings costs, and the exam wants them sorted.
快速增长是有代价的，考试希望你把它们分类。
Social: housing becomes unaffordable, and old practices like redlining and blockbusting still shape who lives where.
社会方面：住房变得买不起， 而红线划定和恐慌性抛售这些旧做法，至今仍影响着谁住在哪里。
Environmental: the urban heat island makes the city warmer than the countryside, plus pollution and a heavy footprint.
环境方面：城市热岛让城市比乡村更热，还有污染和沉重的足迹。
Economic: city budgets are stretched, and reaching a sprawling edge with pipes and roads is expensive.
经济方面：城市财政吃紧，把管线和道路铺到不断蔓延的边缘也很昂贵。
So what do planners do?
那规划者怎么办？
They use data and design.
他们靠数据和设计。
Smart-growth, mixed-use blocks and transit-oriented development fight sprawl: mixed-use puts homes, shops and offices together, so people walk instead of drive; transit-oriented development builds housing around a station.
精明增长、混合用途街区和公交导向开发 一起对抗蔓延。 往上长，不要往外摊。
Grow up, not out. Greenbelts and growth boundaries stop the outward spread.
混合用途街区把住宅、商店和写字楼放在一起，人们就会步行而不是开车。
Census and geospatial data guide where to put schools and services.
公共交通导向开发，把住宅建在车站周围。 绿带和增长边界阻止城市向外蔓延。
Urban renewal rebuilds decayed areas, but it can raise prices so far that the original residents are pushed out.
人口普查数据和地理空间数据则指导学校和公共服务应该建在哪里。 城市更新重建衰败地区，但它可能把房价推得太高，逼走原来的居民。
That is gentrification.
那就是中产阶级化。
Four marks students throw away.
四个学生常丢的分。
First, never swap site and situation: site is the land itself, situation is the position among other places.
第一，不要把场地和区位弄反：场地是那块土地本身， 区位是它在其他地方之中的位置。
Second, test the second city first — more than double means primate, and you can stop.
第二，先检验第二大城市——超过两倍就是首位城市， 到这里就能停。
Third, when you name an internal model, name its clue too: rings, wedges, or several centres.
第三，说出内部模型的名字时，也要说出它的线索： 同心圆、扇形，还是多个中心。
And fourth, obey the command word.
第四，听命令词的话。
Get these four right, and Unit Six is yours.
把这四点做对，第六单元就是你的了。