Population and Migration Patterns and Processes · ⁨รูปแบบและกระบวนการของประชากรและการอพยพ⁩

Enduring Understanding (PSO-2): Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.

Learning Objective PSO-2.A: Identify the factors that influence the distribution of human populations at different scales.

• PSO-2.A.1 Physical factors (e.g., climate, landforms, water bodies) and human factors (e.g., culture, economics, history, politics) influence the distribution of population.
• PSO-2.A.2 Factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary according to the scale of analysis.

Learning Objective PSO-2.B: Define methods geographers use to calculate population density.

• PSO-2.B.1 The three methods for calculating population density are arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural.

Learning Objective PSO-2.C: Explain the differences between and the impact of methods used to calculate population density.

• PSO-2.C.1 The method used to calculate population density reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land.

Enduring Understanding (PSO-2): Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.

Learning Objective PSO-2.D: Explain how population distribution and density affect society and the environment.

• PSO-2.D.1 Population distribution and density affect political, economic, and social processes, including the provision of services such as medical care.
• PSO-2.D.2 Population distribution and density affect the environment and natural resources; this is known as carrying capacity.

Enduring Understanding (PSO-2): Understanding where and how people live is essential to understanding global cultural, political, and economic patterns.

Learning Objective PSO-2.E: Describe elements of population composition used by geographers.

• PSO-2.E.1 Patterns of age structure and sex ratio vary across different regions and may be mapped and analyzed at different scales.

Learning Objective PSO-2.F: Explain ways that geographers depict and analyze population composition.

• PSO-2.F.1 Population pyramids are used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.A: Explain factors that account for contemporary and historical trends in population growth and decline.

• IMP-2.A.1 Demographic factors that determine a population’s growth and decline are fertility, mortality, and migration.
• IMP-2.A.2 Geographers use the rate of natural increase and population-doubling time to explain population growth and decline.
• IMP-2.A.3 Social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality, and migration rates.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.B: Explain theories of population growth and decline.

• IMP-2.B.1 The demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time.
• IMP-2.B.2 The epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.B: Explain theories of population growth and decline.

• IMP-2.B.3 Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population change and its consequences.

Enduring Understanding (SPS-2): Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.

Learning Objective SPS-2.A: Explain the intent and effects of various population and immigration policies on population size and composition.

• SPS-2.A.1 Types of population policies include those that promote or discourage population growth, such as pronatalist, antinatalist, and immigration policies.

Enduring Understanding (SPS-2): Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.

Learning Objective SPS-2.B: Explain how the changing role of females has demographic consequences in different parts of the world.

• SPS-2.B.1 Changing social values and access to education, employment, health care, and contraception have reduced fertility rates in most parts of the world.
• SPS-2.B.2 Changing social, economic, and political roles for females have influenced patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration, as illustrated by Ravenstein’s laws of migration.

Enduring Understanding (SPS-2): Changes in population have long- and short-term effects on a place’s economy, culture, and politics.

Learning Objective SPS-2.C: Explain the causes and consequences of an aging population.

• SPS-2.C.1 Population aging is determined by birth and death rates and life expectancy.
• SPS-2.C.2 An aging population has political, social, and economic consequences, including the dependency ratio.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.C: Explain how different causal factors encourage migration.

• IMP-2.C.1 Migration is commonly divided into push factors and pull factors.
• IMP-2.C.2 Push/pull factors and intervening opportunities/obstacles can be cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, or political.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.D: Describe types of forced and voluntary migration.

• IMP-2.D.1 Forced migrations include slavery and events that produce refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers.
• IMP-2.D.2 Types of voluntary migrations include transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban.

Enduring Understanding (IMP-2): Changes in population are due to mortality, fertility, and migration, which are influenced by the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors.

Learning Objective IMP-2.E: Explain historical and contemporary geographic effects of migration.

• IMP-2.E.1 Migration has political, economic, and cultural effects.