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AP Human Geography

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AP Human Geography studies how people use, organise and change space: maps and spatial thinking, population and migration, culture, political geography, agriculture, cities, and development and industry. It is a social science, and the exam is written in the language of models and scale.

The models are the vocabulary: the demographic transition model, von Thünen, Weber, central place theory, the urban land-use models. You are asked to apply one to a real place, and often to say where it fails.

Scale is the recurring instruction. Many questions ask you to answer at a local, national or global scale, and an answer written at the wrong scale does not score.

The notes cover all seven units and set the models out with their assumptions — von Thünen, the demographic transition, central place theory. Released FRQs are in the library. This exam wants a named real-world example for almost every concept, so the notes attach one throughout.

Train all vocabulary
Past Papers
  • 1

    Thinking Geographically

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    • 1.1 Introduction to Maps
    • 1.2 Geographic Data
    • 1.3 The Power of Geographic Data
    • 1.4 Spatial Concepts
    • 1.5 Human-Environmental Interaction
    • 1.6 Scales of Analysis
    • 1.7 Regional Analysis
    • 1.7 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 1.7 Exam tips
    • 1.7 Applied spatial reasoning
    • 1.7 Sources for this lesson
  • 2

    Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

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    • 2.1 2.2 Population Distribution and Density
    • 2.3 Population Composition
    • 2.4 Population Dynamics
    • 2.5 The Demographic Transition Model
    • 2.6 Malthusian Theory
    • 2.7 Population Policies
    • 2.8 2.9 Women, Aging, and Demographic Change
    • 2.10 2.11 Causes and Types of Migration
    • 2.12 Effects of Migration
    • 2.12 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 2.12 Exam tips
  • 3

    Cultural Patterns and Processes

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    • 3.1 Introduction to Culture
    • 3.2 Cultural Landscapes
    • 3.3 Cultural Patterns
    • 3.4 Types of Diffusion
    • 3.5 3.6 Causes of Diffusion
    • 3.7 Diffusion of Religion and Language
    • 3.8 Effects of Diffusion
    • 3.8 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 3.8 Exam tips
  • 4

    Political Patterns and Processes

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    • 4.1 Introduction to Political Geography
    • 4.2 4.3 Political Power and Territoriality
    • 4.4 4.5 4.6 Political Boundaries
    • 4.7 Forms of Governance
    • 4.8 4.9 Devolution and Challenges to Sovereignty
    • 4.10 Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
    • 4.10 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 4.10 Exam tips
  • 5

    Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

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    • 5.1 Introduction to Agriculture
    • 5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods
    • 5.3 5.4 5.5 Agricultural Origins and Revolutions
    • 5.6 Agricultural Production Regions
    • 5.7 5.8 Spatial Organization and the Von Thünen Model
    • 5.9 The Global System of Agriculture
    • 5.10 5.11 Consequences and Challenges of Agriculture
    • 5.12 Women in Agriculture
    • 5.12 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 5.12 Exam tips
  • 6

    Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

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    • 6.1 6.2 Origin and Growth of Cities
    • 6.3 Cities and Globalization
    • 6.4 The Distribution of Cities
    • 6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities
    • 6.6 6.7 Density, Land Use, and Infrastructure
    • 6.8 6.9 Urban Sustainability and Data
    • 6.10 6.11 Challenges of Urban Changes and Sustainability
    • 6.10 6.11 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 6.10 6.11 Exam tips
  • 7

    Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

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    • 7.1 The Industrial Revolution
    • 7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns
    • 7.3 Measures of Development
    • 7.4 Women and Economic Development
    • 7.5 Theories of Development
    • 7.6 7.7 Trade and the World Economy
    • 7.8 Sustainable Development
    • 7.8 Worked example: a free-response question
    • 7.8 Exam tips

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