HSK · HSK · HSK 6

부사

곧 출시되는 학습 프로그램

교재 자료

Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

Verb + 得 + 倒 + Adj (a pointed note)

A suggestion meets a practical obstacle

A friend says that moving all the desks will be easy, but has not offered to help.
你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？ — The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Verb + 得 + 倒 + Adj (a pointed note): 你说得倒轻松!; 他想得倒美。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐsay说shuō得de(actually)倒dàoeasy容易róng yì。

In the opening situation: 你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？
The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work.

Check the limit of the explanation

倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic.
你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 你说倒得容易 needs repair here. Write 你说得倒容易 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker challenges the easy claim by asking who will do the work. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic. 你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.

Try it with help closed

A friend says that moving all the desks will be easy, but has not offered to help. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 你说得倒容易，谁来搬呢？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
倒 can mark a contrast with an expectation; it does not force every following compliment to be sarcastic.
你做得倒不错 can be sincere surprise.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

很是 + Adj (a formal “very”)

Choose the voice of a written report

A report describes the team's reaction after the results arrive.
大家对结果很是满意。 — The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

很是 + Adj (a formal “very”): 大家很是高兴。; 老师对他的进步很是满意。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

everyone大家dà jiāvery很是hěn shìpleased高兴gāo xìng。

In the opening situation: 大家对结果很是满意。
The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice.

Check the limit of the explanation

Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation.
大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 大家很是了满意 needs repair here. Write 大家很是满意 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The report expresses strong satisfaction in a slightly literary voice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation. 大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.

Try it with help closed

A report describes the team's reaction after the results arrive. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 大家对结果很是满意。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
Plain 很满意 works in ordinary conversation.
大家是很高兴 can also be grammatical: 是 stresses agreement, often before a contrast.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

足足 + Amount (a full / as much as)

A short wait feels unexpectedly long

You expected a ten-minute queue but waited two hours.
我们足足等了两个小时。 — 足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount.

Locate the pattern in real examples

足足 + Amount (a full / as much as): 我们足足等了两个小时。; 这条鱼足足有五斤重。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒa full足足zú zúwait等děng了leone一yí(measure word)个gehour小时xiǎo shí。

In the opening situation: 我们足足等了两个小时。
足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount.

Check the limit of the explanation

The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number.
足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 足了足等两个小时 needs repair here. Write 足足等了两个小时 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

足足 presents the full two hours as a notable amount. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number. 足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.

Try it with help closed

You expected a ten-minute queue but waited two hours. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们足足等了两个小时。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
The speaker's expectation matters, not an absolute minimum number.
足足十秒 can feel long when a screen should respond immediately.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一再 + Verb (again and again)

A warning is repeated before departure

A leader has reminded the group several times to check their equipment.
老师一再提醒我们检查装备。 — The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一再 + Verb (again and again): 他一再强调这一点。; 我一再提醒过你。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tārepeatedly一再yí zàistress强调qiáng diàosafety安全ān quán。

In the opening situation: 老师一再提醒我们检查装备。
The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder.

Check the limit of the explanation

一再 does not mean exactly two or three times.
又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了再提醒我们 needs repair here. Write 一再提醒我们 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The reminder has been repeated; this is more than one new reminder. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
一再 does not mean exactly two or three times. 又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.

Try it with help closed

A leader has reminded the group several times to check their equipment. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 老师一再提醒我们检查装备。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
一再 does not mean exactly two or three times.
又提醒了一次 names one additional occurrence; 一再提醒 summarises a recurring action.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

凡是 … 都 (all / any without exception)

Who qualifies for the same benefit?

A club notice gives a certificate to every person who completes the course.
凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。 — Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies.

Locate the pattern in real examples

凡是 … 都 (all / any without exception): 凡是去过的人,都说好。; 凡是他说的话,我都记得。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

all凡是fán shìstudents学生xué shengall都dōumay可以kě yǐtake part参加cān jiā。

In the opening situation: 凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。
Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies.

Check the limit of the explanation

The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun.
凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 凡是了完成课程的人 needs repair here. Write 凡是完成课程的人 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Completing the course defines the group; every member qualifies. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun. 凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.

Try it with help closed

A club notice gives a certificate to every person who completes the course. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 凡是完成课程的人，都能领取证书。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
The group may be defined by a whole clause, not just a bare noun.
凡是报名的人 does not include people who never registered.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

向来 (always / all along)

A reliable colleague has one unusual day

A colleague is normally punctual, but today has not arrived.
他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？ — The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception.

Locate the pattern in real examples

向来 (always / all along): 他向来守时。; 这家店向来生意很好。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāalways向来xiàng láipunctual准时zhǔn shí。

In the opening situation: 他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？
The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception.

Check the limit of the explanation

A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception.
向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 向了来准时 needs repair here. Write 向来准时 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker contrasts his established record with today's exception. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception. 向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.

Try it with help closed

A colleague is normally punctual, but today has not arrived. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他向来准时，今天怎么还没来？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
A long-standing habit can be followed by an exception.
向来准时 does not make 今天迟到 grammatically impossible.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

果然 (sure enough / as expected)

A forecast is confirmed by observation

The forecast predicted afternoon rain. Rain starts after lunch.
天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。 — The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew.

Locate the pattern in real examples

果然 (sure enough / as expected): 天气预报说有雨,下午果然下了。; 他说会赢,果然赢了。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒsaid说shuōwould会huìrain下雨xià yǔ，sure enough果然guǒ ránfell下xià了le。

In the opening situation: 天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。
The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew.

Check the limit of the explanation

居然 would highlight surprise instead.
An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 下午下雨了果然 needs repair here. Write 下午果然下雨了 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The event confirms the forecast the speaker already knew. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
居然 would highlight surprise instead. An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.

Try it with help closed

The forecast predicted afternoon rain. Rain starts after lunch. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 天气预报说有雨，下午果然下雨了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
居然 would highlight surprise instead.
An event is not inherently 果然: the same rain may confirm one person's forecast and surprise another person.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

似乎 (it seems / as if)

Read a face without claiming certainty

A colleague is quiet and frowning. You do not know the reason.
他似乎不太高兴。 — The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour.

Locate the pattern in real examples

似乎 (it seems / as if): 他似乎不太高兴。; 这个名字我似乎在哪儿听过。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāseems似乎sì hūnot不búvery太tàihappy高兴gāo xìng。

In the opening situation: 他似乎不太高兴。
The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour.

Check the limit of the explanation

似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause.
似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他不太高兴似乎 needs repair here. Write 他似乎不太高兴 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker cautiously interprets observable behaviour. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause. 似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.

Try it with help closed

A colleague is quiet and frowning. You do not know the reason. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他似乎不太高兴。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
似乎 does not prove the mood or its cause.
似乎很高兴 is equally possible when the observed signs suggest happiness.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

偏偏 (of all things / just had to)

Rain arrives at the inconvenient moment

You planned an outdoor event for the only free afternoon, and rain begins then.
偏偏这时候下雨。 — The timing clashes with the speaker's plan.

Locate the pattern in real examples

偏偏 (of all things / just had to): 我让他别去,他偏偏要去。; 早不下晚不下,偏偏这时候下雨。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒtold让rànghim他tādon't别biégo去qù，he他tājust had to偏偏piān piāninsist要yàogo去qù。

In the opening situation: 偏偏这时候下雨。
The timing clashes with the speaker's plan.

Check the limit of the explanation

偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去.
It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 偏了偏这时候下雨 needs repair here. Write 偏偏这时候下雨 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The timing clashes with the speaker's plan. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去. It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.

Try it with help closed

You planned an outdoor event for the only free afternoon, and rain begins then. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 偏偏这时候下雨。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
偏偏 also marks deliberate opposition, as in 让他别去，他偏偏要去.
It does not itself identify whether the clash was accidental or intentional.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

再 + Adj + 也 (however …, still …)

A rule survives even extreme busyness

Someone suggests skipping lunch to finish work. You insist on a break.
再忙也要吃饭。 — Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes.

Locate the pattern in real examples

再 + Adj + 也 (however …, still …): 再忙也要吃饭。; 再难也要坚持下去。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

however再zàibusy忙mángstill也yěmust要yàoeat吃饭chī fàn。

In the opening situation: 再忙也要吃饭。
Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes.

Check the limit of the explanation

This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again.
再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 再忙也了要吃饭 needs repair here. Write 再忙也要吃饭 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Eating remains necessary however busy the person becomes. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again. 再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.

Try it with help closed

Someone suggests skipping lunch to finish work. You insist on a break. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 再忙也要吃饭。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
This 再 means even at a greater degree, not doing the action again.
再吃一口 uses a different meaning of 再.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一律 (uniformly / without exception)

Read the scope of a shop notice

A notice says that every item in the clearance area has the same discount.
清仓区的商品一律打八折。 — The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一律 (uniformly / without exception): 店内商品一律八折。; 会议期间手机一律关机。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

goods商品shāng pǐnuniformly一律yí lǜ20% off打八折dǎ bā zhé。

In the opening situation: 清仓区的商品一律打八折。
The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area.

Check the limit of the explanation

打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction.
一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了律打八折 needs repair here. Write 一律打八折 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The uniform rule applies to goods in the named area. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction. 一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.

Try it with help closed

A notice says that every item in the clearance area has the same discount. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 清仓区的商品一律打八折。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
打八折 means paying 80% of the price, a 20% reduction.
一律 covers its stated group, so this notice says nothing about items outside the area.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

无非 (nothing but / merely)

A simple motive replaces a dramatic guess

Someone suspects a complicated plan. A friend offers a simpler explanation.
他无非是想帮你。 — The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help.

Locate the pattern in real examples

无非 (nothing but / merely): 他这么做,无非是想帮你。; 大家聊的无非是工作和孩子。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāmerely无非wú fēiis是shìwant想xiǎnghelp帮bāngyou你nǐ。

In the opening situation: 他无非是想帮你。
The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help.

Check the limit of the explanation

This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention.
无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 无了非是想帮你 needs repair here. Write 无非是想帮你 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The friend reduces the motive to wanting to help. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention. 无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.

Try it with help closed

Someone suspects a complicated plan. A friend offers a simpler explanation. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他无非是想帮你。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
This is the speaker's interpretation, not proof of the person's real intention.
无非 can describe more than one item: 无非是工作和学习.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一向 (all along / consistently)

A standing preference differs from one meal

A friend has disliked sweet food for years, not just today.
她一向不喜欢甜食。 — The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一向 (all along / consistently): 张老师一向要求严格。; 他一向不喝酒。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāall along一向yí xiàngvery很hěnhard-working努力nǔ lì。

In the opening situation: 她一向不喜欢甜食。
The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions.

Check the limit of the explanation

一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference.
一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 一了向不喜欢甜食 needs repair here. Write 一向不喜欢甜食 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The sentence summarises a stable preference across occasions. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference. 一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.

Try it with help closed

A friend has disliked sweet food for years, not just today. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 她一向不喜欢甜食。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
一直不喜欢甜食 can also express a lasting preference.
一向 is not restricted to people: 这里的服务一向很好 describes service quality.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

到时候 (when the time comes)

Set a reminder for a known event

A trip starts next Friday. You will send the meeting point nearer departure.
下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。 — The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers.

Locate the pattern in real examples

到时候 (when the time comes): 别急,到时候我提醒你。; 先准备好,到时候就不慌了。
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

don't别biéworry急jí，when the time comes到时候dào shí houthen再zàitalk说shuō。

In the opening situation: 下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。
The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers.

Check the limit of the explanation

A reader needs a recoverable event or time.
到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 到候时我提醒你 needs repair here. Write 到时候我提醒你 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The departure provides the time to which 到时候 refers. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
A reader needs a recoverable event or time. 到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.

Try it with help closed

A trip starts next Friday. You will send the meeting point nearer departure. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 下周五出发，到时候我把地点发给你。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
A reader needs a recoverable event or time.
到时候 does not always mean postponing a decision; it can schedule a definite action.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

何必 (why bother / no need)

An unnecessary trip is challenged

A friend wants to travel across town for a book that can be borrowed next door.
楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？ — The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary.

Locate the pattern in real examples

何必 (why bother / no need): 何必这么客气?; 事情已经过去了,何必再提?
Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐwhy bother何必hé bìso这么zhè mepolite客气kè qi。

In the opening situation: 楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？
The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary.

Check the limit of the explanation

何必 asks rhetorically about necessity.
It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 何了必跑那么远 needs repair here. Write 何必跑那么远 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.
Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker argues that the distant trip is unnecessary. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.
何必 asks rhetorically about necessity. It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.

Try it with help closed

A friend wants to travel across town for a book that can be borrowed next door. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 楼下就能借到，何必跑那么远？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
何必 asks rhetorically about necessity.
It can sound critical, not always gentle. 为什么跑那么远 can genuinely request the person's reason.
I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

어휘

연습하기

English	한국어
expel breath	expel breath
ouch	ouch
to suffer	to suffer
cancer	cancer
to like sth so much that one is reluctant to put it down	to like sth so much that one is reluctant to put it down
to love and respect	to love and respect
vague	vague
to live in peace and work happily	to live in peace and work happily
peaceful	peaceful
serene	serene
to find a place for	to find a place for
massage	massage
case	case
instance	instance
to hint	to hint
expensive	expensive
concave or convex	concave or convex
to cook on a slow fire	to cook on a slow fire
secret	secret
to peel	to peel
scar	scar
to spoil things through excessive enthusiasm	to spoil things through excessive enthusiasm
to guard a pass	to guard a pass
handle	handle
cheap trick	cheap trick
the Way of the Hegemon	the Way of the Hegemon
to be eager for	to be eager for
to fawn on	to fawn on
a strike	a strike
to break apart	to break apart
percentage point	percentage point
to break away from	to break away from
to ruin	to ruin
to pay a visit	to pay a visit
to pay a New Year call	to pay a New Year call
to request sb to do sth	to request sb to do sth
to issue	to issue
to promulgate	to promulgate
stripe	stripe
version	version
to give up halfway	to give up halfway
companion	companion
to accompany	to accompany
to play the role of	to play the role of
to kidnap	to kidnap
example	example
pound	pound
to shield	to shield
wrapping cloth	wrapping cloth
to surround	to surround
to pack	to pack
weak	weak
saturated	saturated
having lived through many changes	having lived through many changes
to safekeep	to safekeep
to keep sth confidential	to keep sth confidential
nanny	nanny
conservative	conservative
to defend	to defend
to take good care of one's health	to take good care of one's health
to safeguard	to safeguard
to take care of oneself	to take care of oneself
to take revenge	to take revenge
reward	reward
to repay	to repay
to report for duty	to report for duty
to make reprisals	to make reprisals
newspaper	newspaper
to submit an expense account	to submit an expense account
aspiration	aspiration
to complain	to complain
violence	violence
to expose	to expose
to break out	to break out
explosion	explosion
base	base
grieved	grieved
miserable	miserable
the North Pole	the North Pole
shell	shell
backup	backup
memorandum	memorandum
to betray	to betray
to recite	to recite
passive	passive
defendant	defendant
to rush about	to rush about
to run quickly	to run quickly
instinct	instinct
seed money	seed money
I	I
itself	itself
source material	source material
based on	based on
clumsy	clumsy
to break down	to break down
need not	need not
to burst forth	to burst forth
to jump	to jump
to force	to force
nasal mucus	nasal mucus
analogy	analogy
to compare	to compare
proportion	proportion
to be bound to	to be bound to
to stop up	to stop up
malady	malady
systemic problem	systemic problem
jasper	jasper
arm	arm
border area	border area
boundary	boundary
frontier	frontier
edge	edge
to weave	to weave
to spur on	to spur on
to belittle	to belittle
derogatory sense	derogatory sense
flat	flat
an unforeseen event	an unforeseen event
changes	changes
to degenerate	to degenerate
convenient	convenient
note	note
easy to	easy to
to cover the whole	to cover the whole
to recognize	to recognize
to speak in defense of	to speak in defense of
to explain	to explain
dialectical	dialectical
plait	plait
specimen	specimen
sign	sign
title	title
to rise rapidly	to rise rapidly
to decide by vote	to decide by vote
to declare one's position	to declare one's position
to honor	to honor
to hold back	to hold back
awkward	awkward
villa	villa
unusual	unusual
on the edge of	on the edge of
hail	hail
to exist at the same time	to exist at the same time
really isn't	really isn't
to stand side by side	to stand side by side
to call	to call
wave	wave
waves surging forth	waves surging forth
to exploit	to exploit
to broadcast	to broadcast
to grow from seed	to grow from seed
wife of father's elder brother	wife of father's elder brother
wide-ranging and profound	wide-ranging and profound
exposition	exposition
to wrestle	to wrestle
to compensate	to compensate
to remedy	to remedy
to subsidize	to subsidize
breastfeeding	breastfeeding
to catch	to catch
to act against one's will	to act against one's will
there is no harm in	there is no harm in
you flatter me	you flatter me
in spite of	in spite of
can't help	can't help
cannot bear	cannot bear
inconceivable	inconceivable
to be worthy of	to be worthy of
unexpectedly	unexpectedly
from time to time	from time to time
not stint	not stint
equally matched	equally matched
unreasonable	unreasonable
to disdain as beneath contempt	to disdain as beneath contempt
it goes without saying	it goes without saying
cannot but	cannot but
by fair means or foul	by fair means or foul
incessantly	incessantly
posting on a bulletin board	posting on a bulletin board
arrangement	arrangement
to put in order	to put in order
pace	pace
to dispose	to dispose
part , or a garment etc)	part , or a garment etc)
ability	ability
wealth	wealth
financial affairs	financial affairs
finances	finances
to make an item of clothing	to make an item of clothing
judgment	judgment
to cut staff	to cut staff
to procure	to procure
to gather	to gather
to accept	to accept
lottery ticket	lottery ticket
staff officer	staff officer
to consult a reference	to consult a reference
cruel	cruel
to remain	to remain
mean	mean
to glitter	to glitter
all of a sudden	all of a sudden
depot	depot
pale	pale
cabin	cabin
to work hard	to work hard
drill	drill
to operate	to operate
to work	to work
noisy	noisy
draft	draft
careless	careless
lateral side	lateral side
survey	survey
game plan	game plan
to plot	to plot
more and more emerge	more and more emerge
layer	layer
to track down and seize	to track down and seize
fork in road	fork in road
flabbergasted	flabbergasted
disparity	disparity
diesel fuel	diesel fuel
to take by the arm and assist	to take by the arm and assist
greedy for food	greedy for food
twisting	twisting
industry	industry
to expound	to expound
to shudder	to shudder
prosperous	prosperous
savage	savage
to try	to try
to reimburse	to reimburse
all year round	all year round
routine	routine
occasion	occasion
scene	scene
location	location
unimpeded	unimpeded
to sell well	to sell well
to advocate	to advocate
to suggest	to suggest
to open wide	to open wide
paper money	paper money
super-	super-
to surpass	to surpass
full of youthful energy	full of youthful energy
to jeer at	to jeer at
tide	tide
damp	damp
to retreat	to retreat
to repeal	to repeal
to settle	to settle
oppressive	oppressive
to contemplate	to contemplate
steady	steady
heavy	heavy
old-fashioned	old-fashioned
to display	to display
an assertion	an assertion
name	name
after one's own heart	after one's own heart
costs	costs
to complete a contract	to complete a contract
all day long	all day long
effect	effect
intentional	intentional
member	member
to appear	to appear
to undertake	to undertake
to contract	to contract
to promise	to promise
sincere	sincere
castle	castle
attendant on an airplane, train, boat etc	attendant on an airplane, train, boat etc
penalty	penalty
to clarify	to clarify
orange	orange
weighing scale	weighing scale
to bear hardships	to bear hardships
to entail strenuous effort	to entail strenuous effort
pool	pool
slow	slow
to hesitate	to hesitate
lasting	lasting
equator	equator
deficit	deficit
to serve as	to serve as
abundant	abundant
rich	rich
adequate	adequate
to have an urge	to have an urge
to attack	to attack
conflict	conflict
to worship	to worship
majestic	majestic
to revere	to revere
to find the time to do sth	to find the time to do sth
dense	dense
preparations	preparations
to waver	to waver
ugly	ugly
a way out	a way out
to offer for sale	to offer for sale
to be born of	to be born of
spellbound	spellbound
future prospects	future prospects
to make a fool of oneself	to make a fool of oneself
initial	initial
reserves	reserves
stockpile	stockpile
to deposit money	to deposit money
to discipline sb	to discipline sb
plight	plight
to handle	to handle
to raise animals	to raise animals
to violate	to violate
the stream flows without stopping	the stream flows without stopping
to pass through	to pass through
to pass on	to pass on
leaflet	leaflet
biography	biography
to impart	to impart
shipping	shipping
to breathe deeply	to breathe deeply
to string together	to string together
bed sheet	bed sheet
measure word for buildings	measure word for buildings
to found	to found
to bring forth new ideas	to bring forth new ideas
to begin an undertaking	to begin an undertaking
to create	to create
to talk big	to talk big
to flatter	to flatter
perpendicular	perpendicular
hammer	hammer
pure	pure
clean and honest	clean and honest
vocabulary	vocabulary
kindly	kindly
male and female	male and female
substandard products	substandard products
sequence	sequence
to serve	to serve
thorn	thorn
calm	calm
cluster	cluster
to bring together	to bring together
coarse	coarse
to flee	to flee
to ravage	to ravage
frail	frail
to rub	to rub
to consult	to consult
setback	setback
to put up	to put up
to cooperate	to cooperate
to pair up	to pair up
to reach	to reach
to reply	to reply
to answer	to answer
to wrap	to wrap
to file a lawsuit	to file a lawsuit
to hit	to hit
to fight	to fight
to size sb up	to size sb up
to go hunting	to go hunting
to fight a battle	to fight a battle
at worst	at worst
chancellor	chancellor
everybody	everybody
large building	large building
wantonly	wantonly
in general	in general
general idea	general idea
more or less	more or less
evildoer	evildoer
to arrest	to arrest
price	price
to act on behalf of	to act on behalf of
to guide	to guide
to slight	to slight
to guarantee	to guarantee
timidity	timidity
birthday	birthday
to be born	to be born
flexibility	flexibility
off season	off season
potable water	potable water
protein	protein
at the scene	at the scene
at that time	at that time
to sb's face	to sb's face
the present time	the present time
persons involved or implicated	persons involved or implicated
top priority job	top priority job
to take care	to take care
to be elected	to be elected
political party	political party
file	file
grade	grade
missile	missile
navigation	navigation
to be oriented towards	to be oriented towards
island	island
to disturb	to disturb
to go bankrupt	to go bankrupt
to steal	to steal
unhusked rice	unhusked rice
stage	stage
terrain	terrain
geology	geology
the gains do not make up for the losses	the gains do not make up for the losses
able	able
blessed by heaven	blessed by heaven
to commit an offense	to commit an offense
lantern	lantern
to land	to land
to register	to register
to step on	to step on
rank	rank
to stare at	to stare at
dam	dam
hostile	hostile
to arrive	to arrive
to resist	to resist
to boycott	to boycott
to increase by degrees	to increase by degrees
to be jolted around	to be jolted around
to turn upside down	to turn upside down
celebration	celebration
model	model
to decorate	to decorate
electric power source	electric power source
pad	pad
to think of	to think of
to fix	to fix
to hold in the mouth	to hold in the mouth
to carve	to carve
a statue	a statue
to suspend	to suspend
to transfer	to transfer
harmonious	harmonious
to adjust	to adjust
to regulate	to regulate
to mediate	to mediate
condiment	condiment
to fall	to fall
to warn repeatedly	to warn repeatedly
to watch attentively	to watch attentively
at set dates	at set dates
definition	definition
to lose face	to lose face
forgetful	forgetful
host	host
to look in all directions	to look in all directions
chairman of the board of directors	chairman of the board of directors
unrest	unrest
motive	motive
movement	movement
motive power	motive power
artery	artery
to go on a journey	to go on a journey
to set about	to set about
motion	motion
to mobilize	to mobilize
to freeze	to freeze
measure word for houses	measure word for houses
cave	cave
city	city
pocket	pocket
precipitous	precipitous
a struggle	a struggle
to supervise and urge completion of a task	to supervise and urge completion of a task
drugs	drugs
dictatorship	dictatorship
to clog up	to clog up
to gamble	to gamble
to put an end to	to put an end to
to carry with both hands	to carry with both hands
Dragon Boat Festival	Dragon Boat Festival
upright	upright
short in time	short in time
to conclude	to conclude
intermittent	intermittent
to sever	to sever
to pile up	to pile up
ranks	ranks
countermeasure	countermeasure
symmetry	symmetry
to deal with	to deal with
to withstand	to withstand
to oppose	to oppose
rhyming couplet	rhyming couplet
to correspond	to correspond
to contrast	to contrast
to convert	to convert
to cash	to cash
immediately	immediately
diversification	diversification
to tremble	to tremble
to degrade	to degrade
extra	extra
to worsen	to worsen
nausea	nausea
to plunder	to plunder
a little bit	a little bit
to check	to check
gratitude and grudges	gratitude and grudges
that's all	that's all
earring	earring
carbon dioxide CO2	carbon dioxide CO2
to release	to release
to get rich	to get rich
to stare blankly	to stare blankly
to start	to start
to catch fire	to catch fire
to become aware	to become aware
to shoot	to shoot
to vow	to vow
to publish	to publish
to become inflamed	to become inflamed
to develop	to develop
to mature	to mature
legal person	legal person
measure word for rounds	measure word for rounds
bustling	bustling
hectic	hectic
traditional Chinese character	traditional Chinese character
to breed	to breed
to retort	to retort
abnormal	abnormal
but on the contrary	but on the contrary
reaction	reaction
to be disgusted with	to be disgusted with
to rebel	to rebel
to send back information	to send back information
reverse side	reverse side
to reflect	to reflect
to think back over sth	to think back over sth
to ask in reply	to ask in reply
on the other hand	on the other hand
to be in flood	to be in flood
category	category
to sell	to sell
direction	direction
topolect	topolect
policy	policy
to protect	to protect
to prevent epidemics	to prevent epidemics
defense	defense
to prevent	to prevent
to prevent and cure	to prevent and cure
spinning and weaving	spinning and weaving
to enlarge	to enlarge
to radiate	to radiate
to let go one's hold	to let go one's hold
birds and animals	birds and animals
to circle in the air	to circle in the air
to leap	to leap
illegal	illegal
fertile	fertile
gangster	gangster
to slander	to slander
to abolish	to abolish
ruins	ruins
to boil	to boil
to distinguish	to distinguish
propriety	propriety
dividend	dividend
to resolve	to resolve
quantity	quantity
to split up	to split up
to secrete	to secrete
distinct	distinct
divergent	divergent
to scatter	to scatter
to part company	to part company
to tell	to tell
grave	grave
fine powder	fine powder
pink	pink
to crush	to crush
ample	ample
sumptuous	sumptuous
bumper harvest	bumper harvest
storm	storm
elegance	elegance
view	view
general mood	general mood
charm	charm
local conditions and customs	local conditions and customs
distinctive flavor	distinctive flavor
to close	to close
system of enfeoffment	system of enfeoffment
to blockade	to blockade
sharp	sharp
to meet by chance	to meet by chance
to offer respectfully	to offer respectfully
to veto	to veto
to elaborate	to elaborate
to be convinced	to be convinced
captive	captive
symbol	symbol
width	width
material benefit	material benefit
good fortune	good fortune
radiation	radiation
to foster	to foster
lowering and raising of the head	lowering and raising of the head
to assist	to assist
corruption	corruption
to rot	to rot
corrosion	corrosion
rotten	rotten
to bear	to bear
to agree	to agree
enclosure	enclosure
subsidiary	subsidiary
to revive	to revive
to rejuvenate	to rejuvenate
secondary	secondary
side effect	side effect
well-to-do	well-to-do
to assign	to assign
diarrhea	diarrhea
to cover	to cover
a couple	a couple
lady	lady
to improve	to improve
to affix a seal	to affix a seal
to be willing to	to be willing to
embarrassed	embarrassed
to sigh with sorrow, regret etc	to sigh with sorrow, regret etc
to infect	to infect
drought	drought
enthusiasm for doing sth	enthusiasm for doing sth
to interfere	to interfere
to meddle	to meddle
to intervene	to intervene
lever	lever
program	program
a post	a post
port	port
bay serving as a harbor	bay serving as a harbor
excellent	excellent
high tide	high tide
peak	peak
college entrance exam	college entrance exam
brilliant	brilliant
noble	noble
to surge up	to surge up
piece of writing submitted for publication	piece of writing submitted for publication
to say goodbye	to say goodbye
to warn	to warn
swelling or lump on skin	swelling or lump on skin
to cut	to cut
to place	to place
to sing the praises of	to sing the praises of
structure	structure
form	form
misunderstanding	misunderstanding
to separate	to separate
individual	individual
everyone gives their own view	everyone gives their own view
to give	to give
deep-rooted	deep-rooted
origin	origin
the front	the front
to follow	to follow
to follow sb's tracks	to follow sb's tracks
arable land	arable land
to update	to update
to correct	to correct
period of time	period of time
handicraft article	handicraft article
public security bureau	public security bureau
justice	justice
post	post
public relations	public relations
citizen	citizen
husband's parents	husband's parents
openly	openly
publicly known	publicly known
formula	formula
official business	official business
just	just
notarization	notarization
homework	homework
contribution	contribution
efficacy	efficacy
to accuse	to accuse
to capture	to capture
supply does not meet demand	supply does not meet demand
to furnish	to furnish
palace	palace
deferential	deferential
to consolidate	to consolidate
republic	republic
to sum up to	to sum up to
to resonate	to resonate
to collude with	to collude with
hook	hook
to design	to design
for the time being	for the time being
lonely	lonely
isolated	isolated
to fail to live up	to fail to live up
curio	curio
strange	strange
shareholder	shareholder
a share	a share
diaphysis	diaphysis
to urge	to urge
admittedly	admittedly
intrinsic to sth	intrinsic to sth
obstinate	obstinate
home	home
malfunction	malfunction
misgivings	misgivings
adviser	adviser
crutches	crutches
to keep an eye on	to keep an eye on
to tour	to tour
government	government
to administer	to administer
to implement	to implement
convention	convention
to irrigate	to irrigate
can	can
luster	luster
radiance	radiance
rays of light	rays of light
wide	wide
after all	after all
to return sth	to return sth
to sum up	to sum up
norm	norm
standard	standard
to draw up a plan	to draw up a plan
rule	rule
track	track
lord	lord
to kneel	to kneel
club	club
national defense	national defense
State Council	State Council
firm	firm
excessive	excessive
to cross over	to cross over
to overpraise	to overpraise
to filter	to filter
error	error
to show an interest in	to show an interest in
to satisfy a craving	to satisfy a craving
too much	too much
hi	hi
to restore to the original state	to restore to the original state
height above sea level	height above sea level
shore	shore
ambiguous	ambiguous
meaning	meaning
to exchange conventional greetings	to exchange conventional greetings
rare	rare
to uphold	to uphold
aviation	aviation
space flight	space flight
to sail	to sail
millimeter	millimeter
not in the least	not in the least
bold	bold
hospitality	hospitality
to appeal	to appeal
to waste	to waste
to merge	to merge
to compose	to compose
to accord with	to accord with
to act jointly	to act jointly
well-fitting	well-fitting
worthwhile	worthwhile
nice	nice
to reconcile	to reconcile
peaceful relations	peaceful relations
friendly	friendly
harmony	harmony
hey	hey
vestige	vestige
callous	callous
wishing one could do sth	wishing one could do sth
to groan	to groan
to cause a sensation	to cause a sensation
to coax	to coax
to bake	to bake
money wrapped in red as a gift	money wrapped in red as a gift
macro-	macro-
grand	grand
deluge	deluge
the throat	the throat
to roar	to roar
descendant	descendant
fears of trouble in the rear	fears of trouble in the rear
logistics	logistics
candidate	candidate
to whistle	to whistle
to call on	to call on
to neglect	to neglect
reckless	reckless
lake	lake
Internet	Internet
petal	petal
gorgeous	gorgeous
overseas Chinese	overseas Chinese
fertilizer	fertilizer
fossil	fossil
chemical examination	chemical examination
to put on makeup	to put on makeup
to divide up	to divide up
to ruin by overdoing it	to ruin by overdoing it
microphone	microphone
pregnant	pregnant
segment	segment
to ease	to ease
patient	patient
gaiety	gaiety
desolate	desolate
absurd	absurd
beyond belief	beyond belief
in a great rush	in a great rush
dusk	dusk
to suddenly realize	to suddenly realize
to squander money	to squander money
splendid	splendid
return	return
to shun	to shun
to look back	to look back
to recycle	to recycle
remorse	remorse
to perish	to perish
to report	to report
to meet	to meet
to bribe	to bribe
to lose consciousness	to lose consciousness
all over	all over
to mix	to mix
confusion	confusion
to obscure	to obscure
turbid	turbid
serve sb right	serve sb right
energy	energy
rocket	rocket
blaze	blaze
gunpowder	gunpowder
perhaps	perhaps
currency	currency
to sneer	to sneer
hunger	hunger
locomotive	locomotive
mechanism	mechanism
gear	gear
clever	clever
classified	classified
machine	machine
opportunity	opportunity
quick-witted	quick-witted
indication	indication
industrial or military base	industrial or military base
fund	fund
gene	gene
to arouse	to arouse
to motivate	to motivate
passion	passion
at the earliest possible time	at the earliest possible time
lucky	lucky
level	level
even if	even if
on the eve of	on the eve of
extreme	extreme
limit	limit
seeking instant benefit	seeking instant benefit
rapid	rapid
eager	eager
anxious for quick results	anxious for quick results
irritable	irritable
disease	disease
group	group
to be jealous of	to be jealous of
one's native place	one's native place
to bother about	to bother about
memory	memory
to write down	to write down
minutes	minutes
taboo	taboo
technical ability	technical ability
skill	skill
quarter of a year	quarter of a year
third in a race	third in a race
to inherit	to inherit
to follow the past and herald the future	to follow the past and herald the future
quiet	quiet
to entrust	to entrust
to process	to process
to intensify	to intensify
to mix together	to mix together
fine food	fine food
the daily life of a family	the daily life of a family
fellow	fellow
family member	family member
understood by everyone	understood by everyone
to suppose	to suppose
if	if
sharp pointed end	sharp pointed end
staunch	staunch
firmly	firmly
tough and durable	tough and durable
firm and substantial	firm and substantial
hard	hard
spy	spy
gap	gap
indirect	indirect
difficult	difficult
part-time job	part-time job
to control	to control
to monitor	to monitor
prison	prison
to choose	to choose
to cut the ribbon	to cut the ribbon
to examine or inspect	to examine or inspect
to inspect	to inspect
to simplify	to simplify
simple and crude	simple and crude
simplified character	simplified character
concise	concise
experienced and knowledgeable	experienced and knowledgeable
opinion	opinion
what one has seen and heard	what one has seen and heard
to see what is right and act courageously	to see what is right and act courageously
robust	robust
warship	warship
to splash	to splash
to trample	to trample
to differentiate	to differentiate
to appraise	to appraise
in view of	in view of
almost	almost
general	general
stiff	stiff
to reward	to reward
prize	prize
oar	oar
to descend	to descend
to cross	to cross
to give instructions	to give instructions
to negotiate	to negotiate
to associate	to associate
to deal	to deal
delicate	delicate
focal point	focal point
anxiety	anxiety
nook	nook
to stir	to stir
to pay	to pay
to pit oneself against sb	to pit oneself against sb
to educate	to educate
social class	social class
all	all
on end	on end
to bring to light	to bring to light
to unmask	to unmask
rhythm	rhythm
outstanding	outstanding
to crystallize	to crystallize
conclusion	conclusion
to settle a bill	to settle a bill
up to	up to
to spare no effort	to spare no effort
to remove	to remove
to fire	to fire
to dissect	to dissect
to disband	to disband
to break up into components	to break up into components
to take precautions	to take precautions
dividing line	dividing line
to draw on	to draw on
to draw support from	to draw support from
banking	banking
with keen interest	with keen interest
as quickly as possible	as quickly as possible
inseparably close	inseparably close
pressing	pressing
bright future	bright future
enthusiasm	enthusiasm
recently	recently
shortsighted	shortsighted
and then	and then
to assault	to assault
evolution	evolution
to make headway	to make headway
to promote to a higher position	to promote to a higher position
to steep	to steep
funds	funds
to trade	to trade
warp and woof	warp and woof
stalk	stalk
to alarm	to alarm
to be amazed	to be amazed
amazed	amazed
conscientious	conscientious
meticulous planning and careful accounting	meticulous planning and careful accounting
best feature	best feature
to reduce	to reduce
accuracy	accuracy
accurate	accurate
to be proficient in	to be proficient in
with utmost care	with utmost care
to perfect sth that is already outstanding	to perfect sth that is already outstanding
fine	fine
a well	a well
cervical vertebra	cervical vertebra
to admonish	to admonish
to be on the alert	to be on the alert
to compete	to compete
to take part in an election	to take part in an election
to salute	to salute
state	state
camera lens	camera lens
dispute	dispute
to make right	to make right
alcohol	alcohol
emergency relief	emergency relief
nearby	nearby
to get a job	to get a job
to take office	to take office
to reside	to reside
to detain	to detain
to restrict	to restrict
to bow	to bow
part	part
aspect	aspect
state of affairs	state of affairs
to limit	to limit
to chew	to chew
dispirited	dispirited
act	act
world-famous	world-famous
to receive worldwide attention	to receive worldwide attention
to play a critical role	to play a critical role
script for play, opera, movie etc	script for play, opera, movie etc
violent	violent
according to reports	according to reports
to concentrate one's attention	to concentrate one's attention
strategic decision	strategic decision
to despair	to despair
to come to understand	to come to understand
to awaken	to awaken
armed forces	armed forces
cartoon	cartoon
to extract	to extract
to expel	to expel
open	open
spacious and well-lit	spacious and well-lit
enlightened	enlightened
to open up	to open up
boiled water	boiled water
to break new ground	to break new ground
to launch	to launch
expenditures	expenditures
to carry a story	to carry a story
publication	publication
to prospect	to prospect
to look upon	to look upon
to pay a visit to	to pay a visit to
vehement	vehement
to carry on the shoulder	to carry on the shoulder
to observe and study	to observe and study
archaeology	archaeology
to examine	to examine
to test	to test
to draw close to	to draw close to
academic subject	academic subject
kernel	kernel
to bump	to bump
repulsive	repulsive
considerable	considerable
tasty	tasty
funny	funny
feasible	feasible
to thirst for	to thirst for
to brook no delay	to brook no delay
client	client
task	task
earnest	earnest
to gnaw	to gnaw
pit	pit
blank space	blank space
cavity	cavity
unprecedented and never to be duplicated	unprecedented and never to be duplicated
crack	crack
daydream	daydream
hollow	hollow
hole	hole
to be frightened	to be frightened
to threaten	to threaten
tone of voice	tone of voice
oral cavity	oral cavity
oral	oral
voice	voice
used up	used up
dry and dull	dry and dull
bitterness finishes, sweetness begins	bitterness finishes, sweetness begins
to carry over the arm	to carry over the arm
to step across	to step across
happy	happy
spacious	spacious
to entertain	to entertain
pattern	pattern
frame	frame
basket	basket
moreover	moreover
to play truant	to play truant
to treat sb unfairly	to treat sb unfairly
loss	loss
insect	insect
to bind	to bind
to expand	to expand
to diffuse	to diffuse
expansion	expansion
horn	horn
sound of singing, cheering etc	sound of singing, cheering etc
history	history
source	source
regular column or segment	regular column or segment
idle	idle
in a difficult situation	in a difficult situation
to read aloud	to read aloud
to fish up	to fish up
secure	secure
discontent	discontent
to prattle	to prattle
a musical score	a musical score
delight	delight
to be willing to do sth	to be willing to do sth
radar	radar
similar	similar
cold	cold
unfeeling	unfeeling
to cool	to cool
to look distracted	to look distracted
dawn	dawn
etiquette	etiquette
milestone	milestone
to heed	to heed
as it should be by rights	as it should be by rights
in the right and self-confident	in the right and self-confident
reason	reason
as far as one's capabilities extend	as far as one's capabilities extend
to try hard to	to try hard to
to work hard for	to work hard for
successive generations	successive generations
throughout history	throughout history
position	position
overpass	overpass
three-dimensional	three-dimensional
to stand	to stand
terrible	terrible
interest rates	interest rates
exception	exception
successive years	successive years
to interlock	to interlock
together with	together with
to have a get-together	to have a get-together
to get in touch with	to get in touch with
alliance	alliance
to make an associative connection	to make an associative connection
incorruptible	incorruptible
conscience	conscience
mutual understanding	mutual understanding
to dry in the air	to dry in the air
vast	vast
a list	a list
clinical	clinical
to drench	to drench
stingy	stingy
inspiration	inspiration
soul	soul
smart	smart
very early in the morning	very early in the morning
fragmentary	fragmentary
to understand	to understand
consulate	consulate
territory	territory
to grasp	to grasp
to lead	to lead
leader	leader
witty	witty
to slip away	to slip away
to drift about	to drift about
to show by means of one's actions, tone of voice etc	to show by means of one's actions, tone of voice etc
rogue	rogue
to circulate	to circulate
reluctant to leave	reluctant to leave
to keep as a souvenir	to keep as a souvenir
to be careful	to be careful
to envelop	to envelop
deaf and dumb	deaf and dumb
ceremonious	ceremonious
to monopolize	to monopolize
to hug	to hug
stove	stove
repeatedly	repeatedly
to fulfill	to fulfill
to command	to command
steamship	steamship
an outline	an outline
tire	tire
forum	forum
to prove a point	to prove a point
screw	screw
continuously	continuously
to complete a construction project	to complete a construction project
practical	practical
paralysis	paralysis
numb	numb
anesthesia	anesthesia
dock	dock
modal particle	modal particle
to ambush	to ambush
to engulf	to engulf
to grumble	to grumble
to bury	to bury
to take a step	to take a step
pulse	pulse
slow and patient	slow and patient
caricature	caricature
very long	very long
to spread	to spread
busy	busy
blind	blind
boundless	boundless
blankly	blankly
lush	lush
to feign	to feign
at one's wit's end	at one's wit's end
measure word for coins and medals	measure word for coins and medals
intermediary	intermediary
media, esp. news media	media, esp. news media
pleasing to the eye	pleasing to the eye
blissful	blissful
beautiful	beautiful
outpatient service	outpatient service
to sprout	to sprout
to fool	to fool
fierce	fierce
to dream of	to dream of
to narrow one's eyes	to narrow one's eyes
to complement	to complement
to pervade	to pervade
to puzzle	to puzzle
fascinating	fascinating
to lose one's way	to lose one's way
superstition	superstition
density	density
to seal up	to seal up
so as not to	so as not to
immunity	immunity
to encourage	to encourage
to do with difficulty	to do with difficulty
face	face
outer surface	outer surface
to describe	to describe
minute	minute
to be destroyed	to be destroyed
to loathe	to loathe
among the people	among the people
civilian use	civilian use
sensitive	sensitive
nimble	nimble
keen	keen
position in a ranking of names	position in a ranking of names
quota	quota
not just in name only, but also in reality	not just in name only, but also in reality
fame	fame
obviously	obviously
to give a name to	to give a name to
to feel about	to feel about
fine example	fine example
mode	mode
mold	mold
appearance	appearance
membrane	membrane
friction	friction
to break in	to break in
devil	devil
magic	magic
to erase	to erase
baffling	baffling
ink	ink
in silence	in silence
to seek	to seek
native language	native language
to witness	to witness
gaze	gaze
to take a bath	to take a bath
nonverbal grunt as interjection	nonverbal grunt as interjection
expert in	expert in
puzzled	puzzled
durable	durable
seldom	seldom
hard to take	hard to take
hard to avoid	hard to avoid
rare and precious	rare and precious
annoyed	annoyed
meaningful content	meaningful content
inside story	inside story
inner	inner
capabilities	capabilities
to draw up	to draw up
year	year
to pinch	to pinch
would rather	would rather
would prefer to	would prefer to
to twist	to twist
to solidify	to solidify
to condense	to condense
to gaze at	to gaze at
to reverse	to reverse
button	button
the traditional Chinese calendar	the traditional Chinese calendar
thick	thick
slave	slave
to mistreat	to mistreat
to shift	to shift
oh	oh
Europe	Europe
to beat up	to beat up
to vomit	to vomit
to lie on one's stomach	to lie on one's stomach
to pace back and forth	to pace back and forth
to reject	to reject
to rule out	to rule out
to arrange in order	to arrange in order
sect	sect
to send	to send
to climb	to climb
to spiral	to spiral
to pass judgment on	to pass judgment on
riverside	riverside
huge	huge
to abandon	to abandon
foam	foam
job training	job training
to train	to train
to allocate	to allocate
spouse	spouse
to form a complete set	to form a complete set
basin	basin
cooking	cooking
to hold in both hands	to hold in both hands
wholesale	wholesale
to criticize	to criticize
to hack	to hack
leather	leather
beaten	beaten
to tire	to tire
buttocks	buttocks
for example	for example
bias	bias
prejudice	prejudice
remote	remote
unfortunately	unfortunately
section	section
short period of time	short period of time
to wave	to wave
to float	to float
to go all out	to go all out
to do one's utmost	to do one's utmost
impoverished	impoverished
poverty	poverty
frequently	frequently
frequency	frequency
to taste a small amount	to taste a small amount
moral character	moral character
behavior	behavior
character	character
commonplace	commonplace
plane	plane
even	even
parallel	parallel
field	field
to evaluate	to evaluate
to comment on	to comment on
barrier	barrier
slope	slope
rather	rather
impatient	impatient
to persecute	to persecute
to make an exception	to make an exception
courage	courage
to spill	to spill
to throw oneself at	to throw oneself at
plain	plain
to spread extensively	to spread extensively
to spread out	to spread out
waterfall	waterfall
exposure	exposure
mournful	mournful
to have expectations	to have expectations
time limit	time limit
to bully	to bully
to deceive	to deceive
complete	complete
to work with a common purpose	to work with a common purpose
fantastic	fantastic
to discriminate against	to discriminate against
Chinese-style dress	Chinese-style dress
ensign	ensign
beggar	beggar
how can this be so?	how can this be so?
to set out on a journey	to set out on a journey
to enlighten	to enlighten
announcement	announcement
to make a draft	to make a draft
originally	originally
to move up and down	to move up and down
to heckle	to heckle
at the minimum	at the minimum
uprising	uprising
to originate	to originate
lofty quality	lofty quality
qigong	qigong
spirit	spirit
complexion	complexion
imposing manner	imposing manner
odor	odor
meteorological feature	meteorological feature
atmospheric pressure	atmospheric pressure
so far	so far
equipment	equipment
organ	organ
to pick	to pick
appropriate	appropriate
it's just perfect	it's just perfect
by chance	by chance
to discuss	to discuss
by every possible means	by every possible means
to yield	to yield
to migrate	to migrate
to involve	to involve
to curb	to curb
humble	humble
to agree to and sign	to agree to and sign
to sign	to sign
foreground	foreground
premise	premise
potential	potential
to dive	to dive
imperceptible influence	imperceptible influence
to denounce	to denounce
to compel	to compel
to coerce	to coerce
to rob	to rob
to rescue	to rescue
bridge	bridge
to stick up	to stick up
realistic	realistic
to chip away at a task and not abandon it	to chip away at a task and not abandon it
affectionate	affectionate
personal	personal
to infringe on	to infringe on
to admire	to admire
hardworking and frugal	hardworking and frugal
diligent and attentive	diligent and attentive
hydrogen	hydrogen
easy	easy
to listen attentively	to listen attentively
trend	trend
to incline	to incline
limpid	limpid
early morning	early morning
to clear away	to clear away
clean	clean
to clear up	to clear up
clear	clear
clear-headed	clear-headed
Islamic	Islamic
information	information
plot of a story	plot of a story
sense	sense
circumstances	circumstances
sunny and cloudless	sunny and cloudless
invitation card	invitation card
to ask for guidance	to ask for guidance
to ask for instructions	to ask for instructions
written invitation	written invitation
hills	hills
to draw a distinction	to draw a distinction
area	area
winding	winding
poem for singing	poem for singing
to deport	to deport
to surrender	to surrender
irrigation ditch	irrigation ditch
to suppress	to suppress
fun	fun
trap	trap
overall situation	overall situation
to do at all costs	to do at all costs
to consider	to consider
authority	authority
rights	rights
fist	fist
dog	dog
nick	nick
to be absent	to be absent
defect	defect
lame	lame
to ensure	to ensure
to institute	to institute
definite	definite
to be sure	to be sure
mass	mass
to dye	to dye
to concede	to concede
to forgive	to forgive
to perturb	to perturb
to stir up trouble	to stir up trouble
eyes brimming with tears of excitement	eyes brimming with tears of excitement
popular	popular
human sympathy	human sympathy
personality	personality
artificial	artificial
household	household
the human world	the human world
person	person
man-made	man-made
human nature	human nature
hostage	hostage
benevolent	benevolent
to endure	to endure
to put up with	to put up with
to maintain	to maintain
to approve	to approve
to appoint	to appoint
willful	willful
any	any
a heavy load and a long road	a heavy load and a long road
still	still
daily renewal, monthly change	daily renewal, monthly change
day by day	day by day
one's appearance	one's appearance
to hold	to hold
receptacle	receptacle
to tolerate	to tolerate
to dissolve	to dissolve
friendly relations	friendly relations
gentle	gentle
to knead	to knead
a certain number or amount	a certain number or amount
weak point	weak point
to tell lies	to tell lies
cheek	cheek
triangle	triangle
to disseminate	to disseminate
to distribute	to distribute
prose	prose
to forfeit	to forfeit
older brother's wife	older brother's wife
tint	tint
to brake	to brake
an instant	an instant
what	what
to sift	to sift
mountain range	mountain range
flickering	flickering
to be good at	to be good at
without permission	without permission
to be a real headache	to be a real headache
trademark	trademark
higher authorities	higher authorities
motivation	motivation
previous	previous
to get into a habit	to get into a habit
upper reaches	upper reaches
to bring along	to bring along
tip of branch	tip of branch
whistle	whistle
luxurious	luxurious
to set up	to set up
to imagine	to imagine
to install	to install
community	community
to touch upon	to touch upon
to absorb	to absorb
°C	°C
to declare	to declare
to moan	to moan
gentleman	gentleman
profound	profound
deep	deep
deep friendship	deep friendship
magical	magical
cocky	cocky
look on one's face	look on one's face
facial expression	facial expression
divine	divine
demeanor	demeanor
Daoist immortal	Daoist immortal
to investigate	to investigate
to hear	to hear
esthetics	esthetics
a trial	a trial
to permeate	to permeate
cautious	cautious
to exist	to exist
opportunity to live	opportunity to live
physiology	physiology
unfamiliar	unfamiliar
ecology	ecology
organism	organism
to take effect	to take effect
to rust	to rust
to give birth	to give birth
to state	to state
fame and power	fame and power
reputation	reputation
domesticated animals	domesticated animals
provincial capital	provincial capital
victory or defeat	victory or defeat
to ladle	to ladle
to produce in abundance	to produce in abundance
blooming	blooming
great kindness	great kindness
to be in vogue	to be in vogue
dead body	dead body
lapse	lapse
to be missing	to be missing
teacher-training	teacher-training
to exert	to exert
to use fully	to use fully
hundred percent	hundred percent
oil	oil
time difference	time difference
often	often
occasionally	occasionally
time	time
opportune moment	opportune moment
current trends	current trends
fashion	fashion
tangible benefit	tangible benefit
strength	strength
to carry out	to carry out
to seek truth from facts	to seek truth from facts
substance	substance
mission	mission
for many generations	for many generations
worldview	worldview
to demonstrate	to demonstrate
a demonstration	a demonstration
to indicate	to indicate
accident	accident
deed	deed
event	event
situation	situation
affairs	affairs
matter	matter
undertaking	undertaking
undoubtedly will	undoubtedly will
power	power
vision	vision
line of sight	line of sight
field of view	field of view
to attempt	to attempt
experiment	experiment
right and wrong	right and wrong
suitable	suitable
to pass away	to pass away
to set free	to set free
to discern	to discern
to pick up	to pick up
to collect	to collect
to pull back	to pull back
earnings	earnings
radio	radio
technique	technique
gesture	gesture
craftmanship	craftmanship
to guard	to guard
the most important	the most important
hardships	hardships
to award	to award
calligraphy	calligraphy
books	books
secretary	secretary
in writing	in writing
to overlook	to overlook
entirely free from worry	entirely free from worry
bunch	bunch
to tie	to tie
to establish	to establish
vertical	vertical
to count	to count
amount	amount
number	number
to play with	to play with
to age	to age
to decline	to decline
to rinse	to rinse
twin	twin
refreshed	refreshed
water conservancy	water conservancy
faucet	faucet
cement	cement
judicial	judicial
commanding officer	commanding officer
private	private
to long for	to long for
to think deeply	to think deeply
thought	thought
train of thought	train of thought
refined	refined
to die	to die
the four limbs of the body	the four limbs of the body
to raise	to raise
absolutely unrestrained	absolutely unrestrained
to shrug	to shrug
to search	to search
measure word for ships	measure word for ships
to come to	to come to
common saying	common saying
vegetarian food	vegetarian food
inner quality	inner quality
to model	to model
lawsuit	lawsuit
let it be	let it be
to count numbers	to count numbers
presently	presently
to on one's person	to on one's person
conveniently	conveniently
as one wishes	as one wishes
years	years
tunnel	tunnel
to damage	to damage
to ask for compensation	to ask for compensation
you might as well	you might as well
to collapse	to collapse
firmly-based	firmly-based
stage presence, poise	stage presence, poise
outer space	outer space
distinguished figure	distinguished figure
avaricious	avaricious
to be corrupt	to be corrupt
vendor's stand	vendor's stand
be paralyzed	be paralyzed
honest	honest
to sigh	to sigh
to probe	to probe
to explore	to explore
to probe into	to probe into
to visit	to visit
candied fruit skewer	candied fruit skewer
supposing	supposing
to fish out	to fish out
unceasing torrent	unceasing torrent
pottery and porcelain	pottery and porcelain
naughty	naughty
to wash out	to wash out
to haggle over price	to haggle over price
special	special
characteristic	characteristic
personal strength	personal strength
to promote to a higher job	to promote to a higher job
to refine	to refine
to point out	to point out
proposal	proposal
subject matter	subject matter
to empathize	to empathize
dignity	dignity
system	system
talent	talent
family love and joy	family love and joy
natural gas	natural gas
nature	nature
paradise	paradise
astronomy	astronomy
track and field	track and field
to lick	to lick
to incite disharmony	to incite disharmony
picky	picky
to provoke	to provoke
clause	clause
order	order
treaty	treaty
to bound	to bound
pavilion	pavilion
to halt	to halt
to anchor	to anchor
stagnation	stagnation
tall and straight	tall and straight
exchange of goods	exchange of goods
common	common
to use anywhere, anytime	to use anywhere, anytime
born of the same parents	born of the same parents
comrade	comrade
copper mine	copper mine
children's fairy tales	children's fairy tales
an overall plan taking into account all factors	an overall plan taking into account all factors
statistics	statistics
totally	totally
to speculate	to speculate
surrender	surrender
to vote	to vote
to throw sth a long distance	to throw sth a long distance
bald	bald
to break through	to break through
design	design
apprentice	apprentice
way	way
soil	soil
to paint	to paint
to unite	to unite
organization	organization
to have a reunion	to have a reunion
speculation	speculation
to overthrow	to overthrow
reasoning	reasoning
to infer	to infer
to market	to market
to swallow	to swallow
to consign	to consign
to delay	to delay
to separate oneself from	to separate oneself from
properly done	properly done
proper	proper
to compromise	to compromise
oval	oval
spittle	spittle
to excavate	to excavate
baby	baby
to disintegrate	to disintegrate
wow	wow
to distort	to distort
external	external
the outside world	the outside world
extroverted	extroverted
layman	layman
pill	pill
faultless	faultless
to finish	to finish
to toy with	to toy with
toy	toy
stubborn	stubborn
tenacious	tenacious
to retrieve	to retrieve
to save	to save
to regret	to regret
very much	very much
network	network
usual	usual
past events	past events
to attempt vainly	to attempt vainly
crisis	crisis
might	might
formidable power	formidable power
prestige	prestige
trust	trust
negligible	negligible
micro-	micro-
to go against	to go against
only	only
to keep	to keep
vitamin	vitamin
maintenance	maintenance
to forge	to forge
committee member	committee member
satellite	satellite
to feel embarrassed or awkward	to feel embarrassed or awkward
by	by
head	head
unavoidably	unavoidably
to be located at	to be located at
to fear	to fear
appetite	appetite
to express sympathy	to express sympathy
temperate zone	temperate zone
mild	mild
diploma	diploma
cultural relic	cultural relic
document	document
elegant	elegant
literature and art	literature and art
to be published	to be published
nest	nest
jet-black	jet-black
to smear	to smear
to entrap	to entrap
incomparable	incomparable
free	free
without any sense of shame	without any sense of shame
not to have access	not to have access
aloof	aloof
nothing else	nothing else
dispirited and downcast	dispirited and downcast
"no comment"	"no comment"
have no way out	have no way out
hoodlum	hoodlum
to make trouble without reason	to make trouble without reason
impotent	impotent
endless	endless
in every possible way	in every possible way
carefree and without worries	carefree and without worries
ignorant	ignorant
martial arts chivalry	martial arts chivalry
arms	arms
to insult	to insult
dance	dance
do not	do not
good quality and cheap	good quality and cheap
goods	goods
difference	difference
to misunderstand	to misunderstand
must	must
pragmatic	pragmatic
sunset	sunset
to draw	to draw
former days	former days
to sacrifice one's life	to sacrifice one's life
creek	creek
to stop burning	to stop burning
knee	knee
custom	custom
attack	attack
daughter-in-law	daughter-in-law
to love to hear and see	to love to hear and see
joyous	joyous
series	series
cell	cell
bacterium	bacterium
careful	careful
canyon	canyon
narrow-minded	narrow-minded
narrow	narrow
rosy clouds	rosy clouds
subordinate	subordinate
summer camp	summer camp
advanced	advanced
before	before
fiber	fiber
to lift	to lift
bright	bright
casual conversation	casual conversation
instrument string	instrument string
virtuous	virtuous
to link up	to link up
to dislike	to dislike
suspicion	suspicion
notable	notable
the scene	the scene
ready-made	ready-made
current situation	current situation
trail	trail
constitution	constitution
to frame	to frame
to sink into	to sink into
filling	filling
village	village
to differ	to differ
equal	equal
to complement one another	to complement one another
answering	answering
to inlay	to inlay
loud and clear	loud and clear
to respond to	to respond to
to think up every possible method	to think up every possible method
guide	guide
always	always
to yearn for	to yearn for
lane	lane
to eliminate	to eliminate
to disinfect	to disinfect
firefighting	firefighting
to use up	to use up
negative	negative
to destroy	to destroy
cautious and solemn	cautious and solemn
portrait	portrait
benefit	benefit
an association	an association
to consult with	to consult with
agreement	agreement
to provide assistance	to provide assistance
to carry	to carry
to write	to write
to leak	to leak
to be discouraged	to be discouraged
crumbs	crumbs
to refuse politely	to refuse politely
what one has learned	what one has learned
heart	heart
attitude	attitude
to love dearly	to love dearly
heart's blood	heart's blood
one's thoughts	one's thoughts
hardworking	hardworking
to be gratified	to be gratified
flourishing	flourishing
metabolism	metabolism
bridegroom	bridegroom
bride	bride
novel and original	novel and original
salary	salary
to trust	to trust
faith	faith
to believe in	to believe in
distinction	distinction
fishy	fishy
criminal	criminal
formation	formation
administration	administration
shape	shape
happy and excited	happy and excited
thriving	thriving
to prosper	to prosper
to become exhilarated	to become exhilarated
fortunately	fortunately
sex appeal	sex appeal
life	life
function	function
temperament	temperament
ferocious	ferocious
murderer	murderer
one's bosom	one's bosom
chest	chest
substantial	substantial
to recuperate	to recuperate
to restore	to restore
to build	to build
to repair	to repair
shame	shame
to embroider	to embroider
sense of smell	sense of smell
key information	key information
false	false
vanity	vanity
hypocritical	hypocritical
requirement	requirement
to allow	to allow
preface	preface
heavy drinking	heavy drinking
to swear an oath	to swear an oath
to publicize	to publicize
to hang	to hang
suspense in a movie, play etc	suspense in a movie, play etc
sheer cliffs and precipitous rock faces	sheer cliffs and precipitous rock faces
melody	melody
to rotate	to rotate
to select the best	to select the best
athlete	athlete
to weaken	to weaken
educational background	educational background
theory	theory
academic degree	academic degree
to make matters even worse	to make matters even worse
blood pressure	blood pressure
to seep in	to seep in
to look for	to look for
to patrol	to patrol
to cycle	to cycle
in sequence, step by step	in sequence, step by step
to oppress	to oppress
New Year's gift money	New Year's gift money
to compress	to compress
to constrain or repress emotions	to constrain or repress emotions
to press	to press
to inhibit	to inhibit
deposit	deposit
second place	second place
fireworks	fireworks
to submerge	to submerge
to postpone	to postpone
to extend	to extend
to continue	to continue
bitter cold	bitter cold
to strictly prohibit	to strictly prohibit
grim	grim
severe	severe
strict	strict
expression of opinion	expression of opinion
rock	rock
coastal	coastal
blistering hot	blistering hot
to conceal	to conceal
to screen	to screen
to cover up	to cover up
insight	insight
signal made with one's eyes	signal made with one's eyes
look in the eyes	look in the eyes
now	now
to evolve	to evolve
lecture	lecture
maneuver	maneuver
to unfold	to unfold
to perform on a musical instrument	to perform on a musical instrument
to hate	to hate
to inspect and accept	to inspect and accept
to inspect and verify	to inspect and verify
oxygen	oxygen
sample	sample
rumor	rumor
to sway	to sway
rock 'n' roll	rock 'n' roll
to rock	to rock
remote control	remote control
distant	distant
to gnash one's teeth	to gnash one's teeth
otherwise	otherwise
main point	main point
to cause sb's death	to cause sb's death
essential factor	essential factor
to dazzle	to dazzle
barbarous	barbarous
ambition	ambition
for a time	for a time
propitious wind throughout the journey	propitious wind throughout the journey
consistent	consistent
one move, two gains	one move, two gains
top quality	top quality
same	same
obvious at a glance	obvious at a glance
just as in the past	just as in the past
not one thread loose	not one thread loose
a period of time in the recent past	a period of time in the recent past
again and again	again and again
clothes	clothes
in order	in order
as before	as before
according to	according to
to rely on sth	to rely on sth
to depend on	to depend on
to rely on	to rely on
instrument	instrument
ceremony	ceremony
heritage	heritage
heredity	heredity
to leave behind	to leave behind
to lose	to lose
to doubt	to doubt
so that	so that
in order to avoid	in order to avoid
in the past	in the past
down to	down to
to such an extent as to	to such an extent as to
also	also
extremely	extremely
to keep down	to keep down
to anticipate	to anticipate
consciousness	consciousness
intent	intent
to signify	to signify
intention	intention
will	will
perseverance	perseverance
resolutely	resolutely
wing	wing
to conspire	to conspire
sound	sound
to conduct	to conduct
engine	engine
to quote	to quote
eating and drinking	eating and drinking
to hide	to hide
a danger concealed within sth	a danger concealed within sth
to cover up the truth	to cover up the truth
secrets	secrets
faint	faint
to print	to print
to engage in social activities	to engage in social activities
at sb's invitation	at sb's invitation
wise	wise
heroic	heroic
infant	infant
directly	directly
profit	profit
fluorescent screen	fluorescent screen
to endorse	to endorse
to have	to have
vulgar	vulgar
eternal	eternal
to dare to	to dare to
to emerge in large numbers	to emerge in large numbers
enthusiastically	enthusiastically
diligent	diligent
user	user
survival of the fittest	survival of the fittest
to have priority	to have priority
exceptional	exceptional
superior	superior
sullen	sullen
similar to	similar to
greasy food	greasy food
oil paints	oil paints
regular and thorough	regular and thorough
young	young
to entice	to entice
fisherman	fisherman
silly	silly
uneducated	uneducated
public opinion	public opinion
to increase steadily	to increase steadily
to impose	to impose
down-filled garment	down-filled garment
to forecast	to forecast
to expect	to expect
preliminary competition	preliminary competition
budget	budget
beforehand	beforehand
to predict	to predict
omen	omen
desire	desire
fable	fable
the more	the more
to accuse wrongly	to accuse wrongly
head of state	head of state
element	element
Lantern Festival	Lantern Festival
gardens	gardens
complainant	complainant
principle	principle
first	first
original	original
satisfactory	satisfactory
fountainhead	fountainhead
to limit to	to limit to
wife's father, father-in-law	wife's father, father-in-law
to be pregnant	to be pregnant
to perform calculations	to perform calculations
to move along one's course	to move along one's course
to ferment	to ferment
to iron	to iron
to contain	to contain
acrobatics	acrobatics
to hybridize	to hybridize
to smash	to smash
how come	how come
disaster	disaster
to cultivate	to cultivate
to slaughter	to slaughter
to continue the struggle	to continue the struggle
to care about	to care about
to mind	to mind
to save up	to save up
for now	for now
to exclaim in admiration	to exclaim in admiration
to approve of	to approve of
to praise	to praise
to support	to support
to sustain	to sustain
to suffer a calamity	to suffer a calamity
to meet with	to meet with
to defile	to defile
to revolt	to revolt
to shape	to shape
rumble	rumble
to blame	to blame
thief	thief
to add	to add
to present as a gift	to present as a gift
to prick	to prick
strong	strong
residue	residue
to blink	to blink
to defraud	to defraud
summary	summary
bond	bond
to bask in the light	to bask in the light
to pay homage	to pay homage
resolute and decisive	resolute and decisive
to show	to show
outlook	outlook
to reveal	to reveal
brand new	brand new
to occupy	to occupy
to seize	to seize
to own	to own
to engage in combat	to engage in combat
strategy	strategy
tactics	tactics
military campaign	military campaign
rules	rules
one's elders	one's elders
tent	tent
obstruction	obstruction
to hire	to hire
bid inviting and bid offering	bid inviting and bid offering
marsh	marsh
to tend	to tend
as usual	as usual
to shine	to shine
to look after	to look after
to shelter	to shelter
to fold	to fold
to torment	to torment
to toss from side to side	to toss from side to side
to be fascinated	to be fascinated
to put one's hand to it	to put one's hand to it
to give thought	to give thought
to put emphasis on	to put emphasis on
literary work	literary work
detective	detective
precious	precious
precious and uncommon	precious and uncommon
pearl	pearl
the truth about sth	the truth about sth
sincerity	sincerity
to deliberate	to deliberate
front	front
troop arrangement	troop arrangement
to stir oneself up	to stir oneself up
to revitalize	to revitalize
unperturbed	unperturbed
cool	cool
suppression	suppression
to shock	to shock
controversy	controversy
to fight over	to fight over
to work hard for sth	to work hard for sth
striving to be first and fearing to be last	striving to be first and fearing to be last
to dispute	to dispute
to conquer	to conquer
to levy	to levy
to struggle	to struggle
to evaporate	to evaporate
to tidy up	to tidy up
reasonable	reasonable
positive and negative	positive and negative
regular	regular
decent	decent
healthy atmosphere	healthy atmosphere
righteousness	righteousness
first month of the lunar year	first month of the lunar year
to confirm	to confirm
credentials	credentials
serious	serious
regime	regime
symptom	symptom
to prop up	to prop up
to spend	to spend
tributary	tributary
to dominate	to dominate
to back	to back
mainstay	mainstay
branch	branch
perception	perception
satisfied with what one has	satisfied with what one has
fat	fat
to broadcast live	to broadcast live
to work a shift	to work a shift
role	role
job	job
duties	duties
colony	colony
target	target
to indicate clearly and with certainty	to indicate clearly and with certainty
fingernail	fingernail
command	command
compass	compass
to instruct	to instruct
to count on	to count on
to find fault with	to find fault with
resolve	resolve
to punish	to punish
to work out	to work out
to subdue	to subdue
condition	condition
to put a stop to	to put a stop to
law and order	law and order
to govern	to govern
to express in words or writing	to express in words or writing
Dedicate	Dedicate
to cause	to cause
intelligence	intelligence
intelligent	intelligent
IQ	IQ
to remain in	to remain in
to cut short	to cut short
neutral	neutral
central	central
devoted	devoted
faithful	faithful
the end	the end
in the end	in the end
entire year	entire year
lifelong	lifelong
to terminate	to terminate
heartfelt	heartfelt
tumor	tumor
seed	seed
race	race
as everyone knows	as everyone knows
to overlap	to overlap
center of gravity	center of gravity
Double Ninth or Yang Festival	Double Ninth or Yang Festival
prefecture	prefecture
boat	boat
periphery	periphery
thorough	thorough
anniversary	anniversary
period	period
twists and turns	twists and turns
turnover	turnover
porridge	porridge
day and night	day and night
wrinkle	wrinkle
measure word for plants	measure word for plants
everyone	everyone
year after year	year after year
to organize	to organize
leading	leading
in charge	in charge
main stream	main stream
sovereignty	sovereignty
theme	theme
to lean on	to lean on
residence	residence
assistant	assistant
helper	helper
injection	injection
to look attentively at	to look attentively at
to annotate	to annotate
to pay attention to	to pay attention to
to station	to station
to cast	to cast
to drag	to drag
specifically	specifically
specialized subject	specialized subject
patent	patent
specific topic	specific topic
specialty	specialty
tiles and bricks	tiles and bricks
to convey	to convey
to transfer ownership	to transfer ownership
to relocate	to relocate
shift in the trend of events	shift in the trend of events
solemn	solemn
dignified	dignified
to equip	to equip
to load or unload	to load or unload
spectacular	spectacular
magnificence	magnificence
brave	brave
to mourn	to mourn
to look into	to look into
criterion	criterion
surpassing	surpassing
posture	posture
capital	capital
property	property
veteran	veteran
to provide financial aid	to provide financial aid
taste	taste
to grow unchecked	to grow unchecked
letter	letter
to have low self-esteem	to have low self-esteem
spontaneous	spontaneous
regeneration through one's own effort	regeneration through one's own effort
complacent	complacent
independent	independent
bullet	bullet
objective	objective
brown	brown
tracks	tracks
in short	in short
sum	sum
to crisscross	to crisscross
corridor	corridor
to smuggle and evade tax	to smuggle and evade tax
to smuggle	to smuggle
to beat	to beat
to rent	to rent
sufficient to	sufficient to
to obstruct	to obstruct
to stop	to stop
to thwart	to thwart
to form	to form
father's father	father's father
diamond	diamond
to study meticulously	to study meticulously
lip	lip
sanctity	sanctity
to abide by	to abide by
to ponder	to ponder
left and right	left and right
to practice fraud	to practice fraud
to become invalid	to become invalid
style	style
to work and rest	to work and rest
motto	motto
to act as host	to act as host
to take charge	to take charge

2
보조 어휘
수업 보기 수업 보기

이 주제를 독립된 페이지로 열기

곧 출시되는 학습 프로그램
교재 자료
Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

Sentence + 来着 (recalling the recent past)

Recall a name learned long ago

You recognise an old classmate but cannot recall the name you once knew.

他叫什么名字来着？ — The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Sentence + 来着 (recalling the recent past): 你刚才说什么来着?; 他叫什么名字来着?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

you你nǐjust now刚才gāng cáisay说shuōwhat什么shén me(recall)来着lái zhe？

In the opening situation: 他叫什么名字来着？

The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact.

Check the limit of the explanation

The recalled information need not be recent.

明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 来着他叫什么名字 needs repair here. Write 他叫什么名字来着 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker is trying to retrieve an earlier known fact. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The recalled information need not be recent. 明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

Try it with help closed

You recognise an old classmate but cannot recall the name you once knew. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他叫什么名字来着？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The recalled information need not be recent.

明天几点开会来着 can recall a previously announced future meeting time; 来着 is not a ban on future-time words.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
3
접속사
수업 보기 수업 보기

이 주제를 독립된 페이지로 열기

곧 출시되는 학습 프로그램
교재 자료
HSK 6, Unit 3

팀이 새로운 날짜에 대해 고객에게 이메일을 보내고 있어. namespace names를 먼저 확인해야 해서 메모가 잘못된 고객에게 전달되지 않도록 해. 파트너 firms와 두 명의 단기 인턴들이 목록에 포함되어야 해. 한 오피스는 온라인으로 참여하고, 다른 한 곳에서는 방을 원해. 리더가 논쟁을 마무리하며: 날짜는 변경됨.以免 names trouble you are keeping away. 以及 adds an extra item in formal wording. 总之 gives the bottom line. 则 sets two cases side by side.

以免

以免은 피하고자 하는 결과를引出하는 구조로, '避免하기 위해', ~하지 않도록 하기 위해', 또는 ~할까 봐担心하다'라는 의미야. 첫 번째 절은 행동이나 경고를 나타내며, 以免절은 나쁜 결과를 명시해. 以는 '为了避免', 免는 '피하다'라는 뜻이야. 다소 격식 있는 어조인데, 공지사항, 지시서, 그리고 신중히 말해야 할 구두 조언에서 모두 사용돼. 실제 위험이 명확한 경고가 필요할 때 동료들도 이를 입으로 말하곤 해.

형태

행동，以免 + 원치 않는 결과

결과는 반드시 완전한 동사구여야 해. 명사만 있거나 형용사만 있는 것은 불완전해. 以免进水 and 以免迟到了 는 독립적으로 쓰일 수 있어. 하지만 以免水 and 以免晚 은 불완전한 형태야. 결과가 형용사일 때는 보통 了 같은 보어가 붙어야 문장으로 서술될 수 있어.

Yǐmiǎn jìn shuǐ. Yǐmiǎn chí dào le. Yǐmiǎn shuǐ. Yǐmiǎn wǎn.

예문

寄出合同前再核对账号，以免钱进错账户。

Jì chū hétong qián zài héduì zhànghào, yǐmiǎn qián jìn cuò zhànghù. Contract을 보내기 전에 account number를 다시 확인해서, money가 wrong account으로 들어가지 않도록 해.

晚上把剩菜放进冰箱，以免第二天坏掉。

Wǎnshang bǎ shèngcài fàng jìn bīngxiāng, yǐmiǎn dì-èr tiān huài diào. Night에 leftover를 fridge에 넣어서, next day에 spoil되지 않도록 해.

대비

以免은 피하고 싶은 결과를 나타낼 때 써. 원하는 결과를 goal로 삼을 땐 authors는 보통 以便를 선택해.

备份文件，以免原件丢失。

Bèifèn wénjiàn, yǐmiǎn yuánjiàn diūshī. File을 backup해서, original이 lost되지 않도록 해.

备份文件，以便日后查阅。

Bèifèn wénjiàn, yǐbiàn rìhòu cháyuè. File을 backup해서, after later에 read할 수 있게 해.

아직 앞선 위험을 피할 때는 以免을 use. 이미 지나간 near miss는 다른 meaning을 가져.

以及

以及는 명사, 긴 phrase, clause를 이어줄 때 써. 'as well as'나 격식 있는 'and'라는 뜻이야. casual chat보다는 writing과 talks에서 더 잘 어울려, casual chat에서는 和가 usual야. 以及의 앞부분은 보통 central하고, 뒤쪽은 slightly extra하게 들릴 수 있지만, 그 항목도 여전히 중요해. list를 끝낼 때도 쓰고, whole extra clause를 추가할 때도 있어.

형태

A、B 以及 C

list의 earlier items 사이에는 comma 、을 넣고, last item before 以及 앞에 위치시켜. Long phrases도 같은 방식으로 사용. second clause가 따라올 수도 있는데, its own subject이나 same one을 가질 수 있어, further point를 추가할 때 Useful해.

예문

手册里写了上课时间、考试安排以及其他需要注意的事项。

Shǒucè lǐ xiě le shàngkè shíjiān, kǎoshì ānpái yǐjí qítā xūyào zhùyì de shìxiàng. Handbook은 class times, exam plan, and other points to note를 listing해.

主任介绍了新规定，以及这些规定从下月起将如何执行。

Zhǔrèn jièshào le xīn guīdìng, yǐjí zhèxiē guīdìng cóng xià yuè qǐ jiāng rúhé zhíxíng. Director는 new rules를 introduce하고, how they will be carried out from next month도 함께 설명했어.

대비

和는 speech나 writing에서 equal items를 이어줄 때 써. 以及 이후에는 readers가 often hear 'and also'라고 느껴. one item that matters more일 때는 main item을 first에 배치. equal itemsStill can use 和.

总之

总之 means 'in short', 'in a word', or 'all in all'. 이미 말한 점들을 모아서 bottom line을 stating해. 不管 or 无论 다음에는 reasons이 vary해도 conclusion은 still stands. 이미 table에 놓인 argument를 closing하는 용도야. long explanation을 one line으로 collect할 때 쓰는 표현이지.

형태

（earlier points，）总之，conclusion

결론이 완전한 절일 때 总之 뒤에 보통 쉼표가 온다. "whatever" 형태에서는 总之 앞에 쉼표만 있으면 충분하다.

예문

机票改了两次，酒店也满了，总之，这次出行得往后推。

Jīpiào gǎi le liǎng cì, jiǔdiàn yě mǎn le, zǒngzhī, zhè cì chūxíng děi wǎng hòu tuī. 표를 두 번 변경했고 호텔도 만원이었다. 요약하자면 이번 여행은 미뤄져야 한다.

不管客户怎么催，总之这份报告今天不能发出去。

Bùguǎn kèhù zěnme cuī, zǒngzhī zhè fèn bàogào jīntiān bù néng fā chūqù. 고객이 아무리 조급해해도 요약하자면 이 보고서는 오늘 발송할 수 없다.

대비

所以는 한 가지 원인에 대한 결과를 나타낸다. 호텔이 만원이므로 날짜를 변경해야 한다. 总之는 여러 요점이나 이유들이 처리된 후 한 줄을 유지하게 해준다. 목록이 마무리되었음을 느끼게 할 때는 总之를 선택한다.

则

则는 격식 있는 "whereas"에 해당한다. 두 절을 나란히 배치하여 두 번째 절에서 대조를 표시한다. 却와 유사하며 보고서, 에세이, 연설에 적합한 서면 톤이다. 사람, 장소, 시간, 선택 등 모든 것이 쌍을 이루어질 수 있다. 则은 두 번째 주어 뒤, 동사 구 앞, 보통 而 옆에 위치한다. 두 절은 보고서의 두 기둥처럼 평등한 파트너 역할을 한다.

형태

절 1，（而）+ 주어 + 则 + 동사 구

두 번째 주어가 먼저 오고, 그다음 则, 그리고 동사 구가 이어진다. "whereas"의 경우 妹妹则去了深圳가 이러한 순서를 따른다. 또 다른 서면용 则은 "then"이라는 의미로 결과 절을 열기도 한다. "whereas"로 사용할 때는 주어를 앞에 두어야 한다.

Mèimei zé qù le Shēnzhèn.

예문

哥哥留在老家照顾父母，妹妹则去了深圳工作。

Gēge liú zài lǎojiā zhàogù fùmǔ, mèimei zé qù le Shēnzhèn gōngzuò. 형제는 고향에 남아 부모님을 모시고 계셨으나, 여동생은 심천으로 취직하러 갔다.

这家分店周末也营业，而那家分店则只在工作日开门。

Zhè jiā fēndiàn zhōumò yě yíngyè, ér nà jiā fēndiàn zé zhǐ zài gōng작rì kāimén. 이 지점은 주말에도 영업하지만, 저 지점은 평일에만 문을 연다.

대비

却는 같은 자리에 올 수 있으며 구어체에서도 사용이 용이하다. 같은 뉴스라도 더 놀라움처럼 들릴 수 있다. 则는 차분하고 균형 잡힌 쌍에 가깝다. "whereas"로 사용할 때는 두 번째 주어가 则 앞에 위치해야 한다.

연습

젖은 바닥에서의 낙상을 방지하는 단어를 선택하시오.

请慢走，以免滑倒。

A. 以及 B. 以免 C. 则

절로서 독립적으로 사용할 수 있는 끝말을 선택하시오.

请把稿子另存一个新名字，以免______。

A. 乱 B. 电脑 C. 覆盖昨天的版本

예산이 핵심 내용이다. 검토일은 부가 정보이다. 격식 있는 문장을 선택하시오.

A. 小组定了复查日期以及完成了预算。 B. 小组完成了预算，以及定了复查日期。 C. 小组完成了预算，则定了复查日期。

공기 질과 소음이 주요 주제이며, 대중교통은 부가 정보이다. 报告로 시작하시오. 모든 항목을 한 번씩 사용하시오.

항목: 噪音 / 以及 / 公共交通 / 讨论了 / 空气质量 / 报告 / 、

한 편의 공연은 여전히 진행된다. 지연의 이유는 다양할 수 있다. 끝말을 선택하시오.

不管延误的理由是什么，______。

A. 则演出不会取消 B. 演出则不会取消 C. 总之演出不会取消

인쇄 매체 독자는 긴 기사를 선호하며 이는 두 번째 절에 해당한다. 격식 있는 대조를 선택하시오.

A. 线上读者只看标题，则纸质读者喜欢长文。 B. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者则喜欢长文。 C. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者喜欢则长文。

구 식당의 점심은 저렴하다. 신 식당은 비싸고 조용하며 이는 두 번째 절에 해당한다. 모든 항목을 한 번씩 사용하시오.

항목: 则 / 便宜 / 新食堂的 / 午饭 / 又贵又安静 / ， / 午饭 / 旧食堂的

교육 전 브리핑. 以免, 以及, 总之, 则를 각각 한 번씩 사용하십시오.

出发前再确认一次地址，______走错会场。参加培训的有市场部、技术部______两名实习生。上午的课讲理论，下午的讨论______更注重案例。材料很多，时间又短，______我们只抓最关键的三点。

정답

B. 请慢走，以免滑倒。 천천히 걸으세요, 넘어지지 않도록 하기 위함입니다. 느린 걸음은 낙상을 방지하기 위해 있는 것입니다.

C. 请把稿子另存一个新名字，以免覆盖昨天的版本。 이 파일을 다른 이름으로 저장하여昨天的 버전을 덮어쓰지 않게 하십시오. 이 어미 clause로만 기능할 수 있으며,昨天的 버전의 위험을 지칭합니다.

B. 小组完成了预算，以及定了复查日期。 예산은 以及 앞에 유지되며, 검토 날짜는 추가 포인트입니다.

보고서는 공기 질, 소음 및 대중교통을 논의했습니다. 또한 가능한 표현: 보고서는 소음, 공기 질 및 대중교통을 논의했습니다. 보고서는 공기 질, 소음 및 대중교통을 논의했습니다. 또는 보고서는 소음, 공기 질 및 대중교통을 논의했습니다. 두 주요 주제는 以及 앞에 위치하며 순서는 바뀔 수 있습니다. 대중교통은 항상 마지막에 배치됩니다.

C. 不管延误的理由是什么，总之演出不会取消。 연출의 이유가 무엇이든, 결국 공연은 취소되지 않을 것입니다. 이유는 배제되고 总之은 유일한 결론을 명시합니다. 总之 뒤에 comma를 넣어도 좋습니다.

B. 线上读者只看标题，纸质读者则喜欢长文。 인쇄物 독자는 제목만 보는 반면, 디지털 독자는 긴 기사를 선호합니다. 마커는 인쇄物 독자를 따르고動詞 앞에 위치합니다.

旧食堂的午饭便宜，新食堂的午饭则又贵又安静。 구 식당의 점심은 저렴하지만, 신 식당의 점심은 비싸고 조용합니다. 신 식당의 점심은 두 번째 clause에 배치됩니다.

出发前再确认一次地址，以免走错会场。参加培训的有市场部、技术部以及两名实习生。上午的课讲理论，下午的讨论则更注重案例。材料很多，时间又短，总之，我们只抓最关键的三点。 출발 전에 주소를 다시 확인하여 incorrect 회장을不走하게 하십시오. 교육에 참석한 사람은 시장부, 기술부 및实习生 2명입니다.上午课程侧重于理论,下午讨论则更侧重案例. 자료가 많고 시간이 짧으므로, 결국 우리는 가장 중요한 세 가지 점에만 집중합니다. 확인은 잘못된 회장을 방지합니다.实习생들은 추가 요소입니다. 오후는上午와 대비됩니다. 마무리 문장은 두 가지 제한 사항을 요약합니다. 总之 뒤에 comma를 생략해도 좋습니다.
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교재 자료
학교 사무실은 격식 있는 공식적인 어조로 학교 자체의 목소리로 금요일 휴교를 발표합니다. 동급생은 같은 소식을 casually하게 전달합니다. 동일한 캠퍼스지만 다른 목소리입니다. 그 오후 팀은 타당성과 안전성을 위한 명사를 원합니다.

本 + 名词 — "this, one's own"

공식 중국어에서 本은 작성자의 입장에서 "이" 또는 "우리 own"을 의미합니다. 공시, 계약서, 공식 이메일, 연설 및 이력서에 적합합니다. 일상 대화에서는 这 또는 我们가 더 자주 사용됩니다. 그 공식적 습관은 명사의 닫힌 목록이 아닙니다.

형태

名詞 directly before 本을 배치하십시오. 한 음절이 일반적입니다: 人, 校, 市, 国, 周, 月, 年, 次. 기관이나 문서의 경우 두 음절도 정상입니다(예: 公司, 组织, 部门, 协议). 本人은 이력서에서 "나 / 저"를 의미합니다. 本周, 本月, 本年은 공식적인 어조로 이번 주, 이번 달,今年을 지칭합니다.

예문

本组织只接受与环保有关的项目申请。

本組織只接受与环保有关的项目申请. 이 조직은 환경 보호와 관련된 프로젝트 신청만 수락합니다.

本人因公出差，本周无法参加例会。

本人因公出差，本周无法参加例会. 저는 공무 출장으로 인해 이번 주 정기 회의에 참석할 수 없습니다.

대비

本校는 학교가 자신을 대신하여 말합니다. 这所学校은 어떤 캠퍼스를 가리킬 수 있습니다. 공시에 本公司를 사용합니다. 这家公司는 그룹 외부의 상점에 적합합니다. 단순한 "이"를 use하려면 这를 쓰십시오. 공식 연설에서도 本을 사용합니다.

词 + 性 — "-ness, -ity"

性은 품질 명사를 만듭니다(예: "-ness" 또는 "-ity"). 可行性는 타당성을 의미하고, 安全性는 품질로서의 안전성을 의미합니다. 이 접미사는 공식적이고 중립적인 글쓰기에 생산적입니다. 결과물은 품질을 지칭하므로 명사로서 기능합니다.

형태

형상은 名詞 + 性입니다. 일반적인 명사에는 可行性, 重要性, 灵活性, 安全性, 实用性이 포함됩니다. 이들에 명사 어법(语法)을 부여하십시오: 没有可行性, 方案的可行性, 安全性很高. 很有启发性에서 很는 有를 수식합니다. 문장에 형용사가 필요한 경우에는 기본 단어를 유지하십시오: 这个方案很可行은 자연스럽지만, 这个方案很可行性는 그렇지 않습니다.

예문

山区道路的安全性仍然让家长担心。

山区道路的安q全性仍然让家长担心. 산간 도로의 안전성은 여전히 학부모를 걱정시킵니다.

这款应用的实用性不强，很多人下载后就删了。

이 앱은 실용성이 낮아, 많은 사람들이 다운로드한 후 바로 삭제합니다.

대비

중요하다(重要)는 어떤 것을 묘사하는 말입니다: 이 결정은 중요합니다. 중요성(重要性)은 그 성질을 명사화한 것입니다: 사람들은 이 결정의 중요성을 논의했습니다.

연습

정중한 이력서를 작성하고 있습니다. 다음 중 적절한 문장은? A. 我这个人会说三种语言。 B. 本人会说三种语言。 C. 这个人会说三种语言。

시 홈페이지가 다음 달 버스 요금 변경을 발표했습니다. 해당 도시를 지칭하면서도 정중한 내부 발문 개시 구문을 선택하세요. A. 这座城市下月调整公交票价。 B. 本市下月调整公交票价。 C. 本国下月调整公交票价。

性 명사를 올바르게 사용한 문장은? A. 这条路线很安全性。 B. 这条路线缺少安全性。 C. 这条路线安全性很。

정중한 공지를 하나 구성하세요. 학교명을 시작점으로 삼고, 주어진 모든 요소를 한 번씩 사용하십시오. 공지 내용은 이번 주 방문객은 실험실 진입이 불가함을 의미합니다. 访客 / 进入实验室 / 本周 / 不允许 / 本校

문장을 하나 구성하세요. 주어진 모든 요소를 한 번씩 사용하십시오. 뜻은 학교 문구 앞 교통 안전이 학부모에게 큰 걱정이 된다는 것입니다. 家长很担心 / 让 / 学校门口交通的 / 安全性

메모를 정중한 문장으로 다시 쓰십시오. 회사에 대해 本을 한 번 사용하십시오. '실행 가능함'과 '안전함'을 性 명사로 표현하십시오. 다음 달과 신규 시스템도 포함하십시오. 다음 달 우리 회사는 신규 시스템이 실행 가능하고 안전한지 검토할 예정이다.

정답

B. 本人会说三种语言。 본인(本人)은 세 가지 언어를 말할 수 있습니다. 이력서에서 본인(本人)은 정중한 '나'를 의미합니다. A는 비격식적 표현이며, C는 다른 사람을 가리킵니다.

B. 本市下月调整公交票价。 본시(本市)는 다음 달 버스 요금 조정을 발표합니다. 해당 도시가 자신을 지칭하므로 본시(本市)가 적합합니다. A는 평어적 지시어 표현이고, C는 장소를 도시에서 국가로 이동시켰습니다.

B. 这条路线缺少安全性。 이 노선은 안전성이 부족합니다. 안전성(安全性)은 명사이므로 缺少(부족하다)가 앞에 올 수 있습니다. A와 C는 이 명사를 형용사 구문에 배치했습니다.

本校本周不允许访客进入实验室。 본교(本校)는 이번 주 방문객이 실험실에 진입하지 못하게 합니다. 본교(本校)가 먼저 오며, 이번 주(本周)를 유지하고, 방문객이 진입할 수 없는 장소인 실험실을 그대로 두었습니다. 또한 '본교는 방문객이 이번 주 실험실에 진입하지 못하게 합니다'도 허용됩니다.

学校门口交通的安全性让家长很担心。 학교 문구 앞 교통의 안전성(安全性)이 학부모를 매우 걱정하게 했습니다. 안전성은 性 명사이며걱정의 원인입니다. 학교 문구는 여전히 장소로 남습니다.

本公司将于下月评估新系统的可行性与安全性。本公司(本公司)는 다음 달 신규 시스템의 가능성(可行性)과 안전성(安全性)을 평가할 예정입니다.本公司(本公司)는 정중한 내부 발명이며, 두 性 명사는 타당성과 안전성을 나타냅니다. 다음 달과 신규 시스템은 유지됩니다. 审查(심사), 检查(점검), 또는 审核(검수)는 评估(평가)으로 대체할 수 있으며, 下个月(다음 달)은 下月(다음 달)으로, 和(와)는 与(와)로 교체 가능합니다.
5
보조어
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

是否 (whether or not)

A formal reply must answer either way

A form asks the recipient to confirm whether they agree.

请确认您是否同意。 — Both agreement and disagreement are possible responses.

Locate the pattern in real examples

是否 (whether or not): 请问您是否满意?; 我们在讨论是否需要改期。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

please请qǐngconfirm确认què rènyou您nínwhether是否shì fǒuagree同意tóng yì。

In the opening situation: 请确认您是否同意。

Both agreement and disagreement are possible responses.

Check the limit of the explanation

是否 goes before the predicate.

In this direct request, it already frames the yes-or-no issue; adding 吗 is unnecessary. 是否 does not imply agreement.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 您同意是否 needs repair here. Write 您是否同意 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Both agreement and disagreement are possible responses. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

是否 goes before the predicate. In this direct request, it already frames the yes-or-no issue; adding 吗 is unnecessary. 是否 does not imply agreement.

Try it with help closed

A form asks the recipient to confirm whether they agree. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 请确认您是否同意。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

是否 goes before the predicate.

In this direct request, it already frames the yes-or-no issue; adding 吗 is unnecessary. 是否 does not imply agreement.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

… 与否 (whether … or not)

An attendance decision becomes the topic

An organiser needs a reply even from people who cannot attend.

参加与否，都请尽快回复。 — Whether attending or not is the issue; everyone should reply.

Locate the pattern in real examples

… 与否 (whether … or not): 成功与否,就看这一次。; 参加与否,请尽快回复。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

success成功chéng gōngor not与否yǔ fǒu，depends on取决于qǔ jué yúeffort努力nǔ lì。

In the opening situation: 参加与否，都请尽快回复。

Whether attending or not is the issue; everyone should reply.

Check the limit of the explanation

与否 follows the action or property; 是否 precedes it.

参加与否 and 是否参加 frame the same two possibilities, rather than two successive actions.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 与否参加 needs repair here. Write 参加与否 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Whether attending or not is the issue; everyone should reply. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

与否 follows the action or property; 是否 precedes it. 参加与否 and 是否参加 frame the same two possibilities, rather than two successive actions.

Try it with help closed

An organiser needs a reply even from people who cannot attend. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 参加与否，都请尽快回复。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

与否 follows the action or property; 是否 precedes it.

参加与否 and 是否参加 frame the same two possibilities, rather than two successive actions.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

Noun + 之 + Noun (a literary 的)

Choose a proverb's established wording

A writer quotes the familiar expression about learning from failure.

失败是成功之母。 — 之 links 成功 to 母 in an established literary expression.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Noun + 之 + Noun (a literary 的): 失败是成功之母。; 这是人生之路的起点。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

failure失败shī bàiis是shìsuccess成功chéng gōngof之zhīmother母mǔ。

In the opening situation: 失败是成功之母。

之 links 成功 to 母 in an established literary expression.

Check the limit of the explanation

This use is similar to 的, but 之 has other classical uses.

Do not replace every spoken 的 mechanically; 我的书 remains the natural everyday form.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 成功的之母 needs repair here. Write 成功之母 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

之 links 成功 to 母 in an established literary expression. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

This use is similar to 的, but 之 has other classical uses. Do not replace every spoken 的 mechanically; 我的书 remains the natural everyday form.

Try it with help closed

A writer quotes the familiar expression about learning from failure. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 失败是成功之母。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

This use is similar to 的, but 之 has other classical uses.

Do not replace every spoken 的 mechanically; 我的书 remains the natural everyday form.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

Statement + 嘛 (self-evident)

Explain the obvious reason without asking

A beginner is slow, and you remind a colleague that this is the first attempt.

第一次嘛，慢一点很正常。 — 嘛 marks the first attempt as an understood explanation.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Statement + 嘛 (self-evident): 孩子嘛,都爱玩。; 第一次嘛,慢一点很正常。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

have有yǒuopinions意见yì jiànthen就jiùsay说shuō嘛ma。

In the opening situation: 第一次嘛，慢一点很正常。

嘛 marks the first attempt as an understood explanation.

Check the limit of the explanation

嘛 differs from the yes-or-no question particle 吗.

It can follow a topic as well as a full statement, and may sound impatient if the listener does not share the assumption.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 嘛第一次，慢一点很正常 needs repair here. Write 第一次嘛，慢一点很正常 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

嘛 marks the first attempt as an understood explanation. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

嘛 differs from the yes-or-no question particle 吗. It can follow a topic as well as a full statement, and may sound impatient if the listener does not share the assumption.

Try it with help closed

A beginner is slow, and you remind a colleague that this is the first attempt. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 第一次嘛，慢一点很正常。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

嘛 differs from the yes-or-no question particle 吗.

It can follow a topic as well as a full statement, and may sound impatient if the listener does not share the assumption.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

Sentence + 呗 (a casual shrug)

Offer a simple solution with care

A friend says they are tired. You suggest resting in a casual conversation.

累了就休息呗。 — 呗 presents resting as a straightforward available solution.

Locate the pattern in real examples

Sentence + 呗 (a casual shrug): 不会就学呗。; 他不来就算了呗。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

not不búcan会huìthen就jiùlearn学xué呗bei。

In the opening situation: 累了就休息呗。

呗 presents resting as a straightforward available solution.

Check the limit of the explanation

The same words can sound reassuring or dismissive depending on voice and relationship.

Use a plain polite suggestion with a customer or in a formal report.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 呗累了就休息 needs repair here. Write 累了就休息呗 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

呗 presents resting as a straightforward available solution. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The same words can sound reassuring or dismissive depending on voice and relationship. Use a plain polite suggestion with a customer or in a formal report.

Try it with help closed

A friend says they are tired. You suggest resting in a casual conversation. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 累了就休息呗。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The same words can sound reassuring or dismissive depending on voice and relationship.

Use a plain polite suggestion with a customer or in a formal report.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
6
전치사
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교재 자료
옆의 소란스러운 장소에서 한 시간 동안 보낸 후, 의자는 회의가 검토한 사실과 그룹이 취할 단계를 명시합니다. 이 두 단계의 흐름은 "鉴于"에 의한 결과입니다.

鉴于 + Observation，Conclusion

뜻

"鉴于"는 "in light of," "in view of," 또는 "seeing that"를 의미합니다. 고려한 사실을 제시합니다. 그 다음 절은 해당 사실에 기반한 결정, 결론 또는 제안을给出합니다. "鉴"이라는 글자는 무언가를 검토하여 그 기반으로 삼는 것을 뜻합니다.

어조는 형식적입니다. 공지, 보고서, 회의록, 공문서 및 신중한 대중 발언에 적합합니다. 해당 조치가 신중하고 공식적으로 들리도록 해야 할 때 사용하십시오. 이는 어조(register)의 경향이며 다양한 주제에 적용될 수 있습니다. 가족용 메모나 사소한 사무실 변경에도 사용할 수 있습니다.

형태

鉴于 + Observation，Conclusion / Suggestion

관찰(observation)은 명사구 또는 완전한 절일 수 있습니다. 쉼표 이후에는 결정, 판단 또는 권고를 명시하십시오. "因此" 또는 "所以"를 추가할 수 있으나, 쉼표 자체로 두 부분이 연결됩니다. "鉴于"는 일반적으로 문장 서두에 배치되며, 여기에서는 이러한 서두 형태를 사용해야 합니다.

예문

鉴于报名人数已经超过限额，组委会决定增加一场面试。

Jiànyú bàomíng rénshù yǐjīng chāoguò xiàn'é, zǔwěihuì juédìng zēngjiā yì chǎng miànshì. 지원자 수가 이미 정원을 초과했으므로, 조직위원회는 면접을 하나 더 추가하기로 결정했습니다.

鉴于周末的客流高峰，商场建议顾客尽量改在工作日前来。

Jiànyú zhōumò de kèliú gāofēng, shāngchǎng jiànì gùkè jǐnliàng gǎi zài gōngzuòrì qiánlái. 주말 쇼핑객 급증에 따라, 쇼핑몰은 고객이 가능한 한 평일에 방문하길 권장합니다.

대비

"因为"는 일반적인 원인, 즉 감정이나 단순한 사실을 지칭합니다. "由于"는 서면어에서 흔하게 쓰이며,誰も 선택하지 않은 결과(예: 안개로 인한 비행기 지연)를 설명할 수도 있습니다. "鉴于"는 더 무겁고, 서두의 사실은 결정, 조치 또는 제안 뒤에 있는 고려회고입니다. "决定", "调整", "建议", 또는 "应该" 등이 따릅니다. 두 번째 절은 관찰에 기반해야 합니다.

연습

이 문장에서 鉴于는 어떤 역할을 합니까?

鉴于近期投诉明显增多，客服部决定延长值班时间。

A. 근무 시간이 변경된 후에 발생한 결과를 보고합니다. B. 결정의 근거가 되는 고려회고를 표시합니다. C. "although"를 의미하며 두 절을 대비시킵니다.

이 형식적 공고에 가장 적합한 단어를 고르십시오.

______ 电梯多次发生故障，物业决定本周五停梯检修。

A. 鉴于 B. 虽然 C. 为了

어떤 문장이 이 패턴을 자연스럽게 사용합니까?

A. 鉴于社区老人出行不便，居委会建议增开一班早间班车。 B. 社区老人鉴于出行不便，所以增开了。 C. 鉴于建议居委会，社区老人出行不便。

조각들을 하나의 문장으로 조합하십시오. 먼저 기준(basis), 그리고 회사의 결정을 배치하십시오.

决定 / 销售额 / 鉴于 / 招聘计划 / 公司 / 本季度 / 调整 / 明显下滑

다음 문장을 鉴于로 시작하도록 다시 쓰십시오. 南门旁边的停车位, 访客车辆, 西门的地下车库, and 管理处를 유지하십시오.

因为南门旁边的停车位太少，管理处把访客车辆引导到了西门的地下车库。

鉴于로 시작하는 공식 회의 문장 하나를 쓰십시오. 三月的试验数据는 아직 불완전하므로 水样을 실험실이 재검증한 후 报告를 발표하는 것을 제안합니다. 三月的试验数据, 水样, and 报告를 유지하십시오.

정답

B.

鉴于近期投诉明显增多，客服部决定延长值班时间。

최근投诉이 눈에 띄게 증가했으므로,客服部는 值班时间을 연장하기로 결정했습니다. Complaints are the basis for the longer duty hours.

A.

鉴于电梯多次发生故障，物业决定本周五停梯检修。

电梯가 여러 번故障이 발생했으므로,物业은 이번 주오에 정梯检修를 결정했습니다. The faults ground the decision to stop the lift. 虽然 would concede a point, and 为了 would name a purpose.

A.

鉴于社区老人出行不便，居委会建议增开一班早间班车。

社区老人出行不便으로,居委会는 one morning bus를 추가運行할 것을 건의했습니다. Difficult travel grounds the suggestion of one more morning bus. B leaves the conclusion unfinished, and C reverses the halves.

鉴于本季度销售额明显下滑，公司决定调整招聘计划。

本季度销售额明显下滑为, 公司 is hiring plan을 조정하기로 결정했습니다. Falling sales are the basis, and changing the hiring plan is the decision. 公司 may stand inside the basis, after 鉴于.

鉴于南门旁边的停车位太少，管理处把访客车辆引导到了西门的地下车库。

南门旁边的停车位이 너무 적어, 管理处은访客车辆을西门的地下车库로引导했습니다. 决定 before 把 is also acceptable.

鉴于三月的试验数据仍不完整，建议项目组等实验室重新检测水样后再公布报告。

三月的试验数据가 여전히不完整하므로, 建议项目组wait until实验室重新检测水样后在公布报告합니다. 项目组应该 may replace 建议项目组, and a close paraphrase with the same three phrases is acceptable.
7
문장 패턴 — 수사 및 강조
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교재 자료
Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

岂不是 (wouldn't that be …?)

A rhetorical question points to wasted effort

A project is nearly finished. Someone proposes abandoning it now.

现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？ — The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort.

Locate the pattern in real examples

岂不是 (wouldn't that be …?): 这样岂不是更好?; 现在放弃,岂不是太可惜了?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

that那nàwouldn't that be岂不是qǐ bú shìeven更gènggood好hǎo？

In the opening situation: 现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？

The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort.

Check the limit of the explanation

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement.

A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 岂不了是白费功夫 needs repair here. Write 岂不是白费功夫 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker invites agreement that abandoning it would waste the effort. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement. A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

Try it with help closed

A project is nearly finished. Someone proposes abandoning it now. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 现在放弃，岂不是白费功夫？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Rhetorical force shows the speaker's position, not everyone else's agreement.

A listener can dispute the claim; that disagreement does not make 岂不是 ungrammatical.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

非(要) … 不可 (simply must / insist on)

Insistence is stronger than a preference

A child rejects every alternative and insists on buying one particular toy.

他非要买那个玩具不可。 — The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable.

Locate the pattern in real examples

非(要) … 不可 (simply must / insist on): 他非要去不可。; 这个会我非参加不可。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāsimply must非fēiwant要yàogo去qùno other way不可bù kě。

In the opening situation: 他非要买那个玩具不可。

The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable.

Check the limit of the explanation

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity.

It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他非要买那个玩具可不 needs repair here. Write 他非要买那个玩具不可 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The child presents that purchase as non-negotiable. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity. It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

Try it with help closed

A child rejects every alternative and insists on buying one particular toy. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他非要买那个玩具不可。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The pattern can express personal insistence or necessity.

It does not prove that buying the toy is objectively required; context identifies whose demand it is.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

兼 (doubling as / concurrently)

One person holds two roles

A school biography describes a teacher who is also a writer.

她是老师兼作家。 — One person holds both roles at the same time.

Locate the pattern in real examples

兼 (doubling as / concurrently): 他是老师兼班主任。; 她是歌手兼演员。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāis是shìteacher老师lǎo shīand also兼jiānwriter作家zuò jiā。

In the opening situation: 她是老师兼作家。

One person holds both roles at the same time.

Check the limit of the explanation

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B.

This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 她是兼老师作家 needs repair here. Write 她是老师兼作家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

One person holds both roles at the same time. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B. This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

Try it with help closed

A school biography describes a teacher who is also a writer. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 她是老师兼作家。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Place 兼 between the roles in A兼B.

This differs from 她以前是老师，现在是作家, which describes a change of role rather than concurrent roles.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

莫非 (could it be that …?)

An absence leads to a tentative guess

A friend is very late. You wonder whether they forgot the meeting.

他还没来，莫非忘了时间？ — The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise.

Locate the pattern in real examples

莫非 (could it be that …?): 莫非你忘了我们的约定?; 他到现在还不来,莫非出了什么事?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

could it be莫非mò fēiyou你nǐforget忘wàng了le？

In the opening situation: 他还没来，莫非忘了时间？

The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise.

Check the limit of the explanation

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation.

A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 莫了非忘了时间 needs repair here. Write 莫非忘了时间 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker offers a possible explanation with surprise. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation. A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

Try it with help closed

A friend is very late. You wonder whether they forgot the meeting. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他还没来，莫非忘了时间？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

莫非 is a guess, not confirmation.

A following question or reply may test it. 既然忘了时间 would treat the forgetting as established instead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

由此 (from this / hence)

Separate a conclusion from its cause

A survey finds that most respondents prefer the shorter route.

由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。 — 由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference.

Locate the pattern in real examples

由此 (from this / hence): 由此可见,习惯的力量很大。; 问题正是由此而来。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

from this由此yóu cǐit can be seen可见kě jiàn，effort努力nǔ lìvery很hěnimportant重要zhòng yào。

In the opening situation: 由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。

由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference.

Check the limit of the explanation

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically.

由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 由了此可见 needs repair here. Write 由此可见 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

由此 refers back to the survey result and introduces an inference. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically. 由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

Try it with help closed

A survey finds that most respondents prefer the shorter route. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 由此可见，短路线更受这些受访者欢迎。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Match the conclusion's scope to the evidence: these respondents do not represent everybody automatically.

由此引发讨论 instead refers to a resulting event, not an inference.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

莫过于 (nothing is more … than)

State a personal highest value

A speaker says that being together with family gives the greatest happiness.

最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。 — The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives.

Locate the pattern in real examples

莫过于 (nothing is more … than): 最幸福的事,莫过于和家人在一起。; 最让他头疼的,莫过于每天的堵车。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

most最zuìhappy快乐kuài lè的dething事shìnothing more than莫过于mò guò yútravel旅行lǚ xíng。

In the opening situation: 最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。

The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives.

Check the limit of the explanation

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation.

It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 莫过不于和家人在一起 needs repair here. Write 莫过于和家人在一起 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker ranks this experience above the alternatives. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation. It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

Try it with help closed

A speaker says that being together with family gives the greatest happiness. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 最幸福的事莫过于和家人在一起。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The superlative expresses the speaker's evaluation.

It does not assert a scientific measurement or everybody's preference. 莫过于 introduces the experience ranked highest.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

与其 A，宁可 / 宁愿 B (rather than … would rather)

A choice rejects waiting in favour of action

You would rather investigate a problem yourself than wait for an update.

与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。 — Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred.

Locate the pattern in real examples

与其 A，宁可 / 宁愿 B (rather than … would rather): 与其在家等着,宁愿自己去看看。; 与其抱怨,宁可想想办法。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

rather than与其yǔ qíwait等着děng zhe，would rather宁愿nìng yuànoneself自己zì jǐgo去qù。

In the opening situation: 与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。

Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred.

Check the limit of the explanation

Preference is not proof that the action occurred.

与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 与了其等着，宁愿自己去 needs repair here. Write 与其等着，宁愿自己去 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Waiting is the rejected option; going to look is preferred. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Preference is not proof that the action occurred. 与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

Try it with help closed

You would rather investigate a problem yourself than wait for an update. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 与其等着，宁愿自己去看看。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Preference is not proof that the action occurred.

与其A，不如B can recommend B; 宁愿B stresses willingness or preference, sometimes despite a cost.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

跟 … 似的 (just like / as if)

A comparison does not identify the object

An artificial flower looks convincingly real.

这朵花跟真的似的。 — The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance.

Locate the pattern in real examples

跟 … 似的 (just like / as if): 他高兴得跟孩子似的。; 外面热得跟蒸笼似的。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèflower花huālike跟gēnreal真的zhēn deas if似的shì de。

In the opening situation: 这朵花跟真的似的。

The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance.

Check the limit of the explanation

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity.

似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 跟真的的似 needs repair here. Write 跟真的似的 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The flower is compared with a real flower in appearance. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity. 似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

Try it with help closed

An artificial flower looks convincingly real. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 这朵花跟真的似的。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

跟…似的 expresses likeness, not identity.

似的 is read shì de in this pattern; 似乎 uses sì. Keep the matching frame 跟X似的 together.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不愧是 (truly worthy of)

A reputation is supported by an action

An expert immediately identifies a fault that others missed.

他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。 — The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不愧是 (truly worthy of): 他不愧是专家,一眼就看出了问题。; 不愧是冠军,水平就是高。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tātruly worthy不愧bú kuìis是shìexpert专家zhuān jiā。

In the opening situation: 他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。

The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title.

Check the limit of the explanation

不愧是 links reputation and performance.

It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他是不愧专家 needs repair here. Write 他不愧是专家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The quick diagnosis supports praise that he lives up to the title. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

不愧是 links reputation and performance. It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

Try it with help closed

An expert immediately identifies a fault that others missed. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他不愧是专家，一眼就看出了问题。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

不愧是 links reputation and performance.

It can be used ironically in context, so do not grade every negative follow-up as a syntax error merely because praise is usual.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

由 … 做主 (for … to decide)

Name the person who has the final say

A group asks who should select the gift. The decision is assigned to the child.

买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。 — The child is given authority over this particular choice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

由 … 做主 (for … to decide): 这件事由你做主。; 家里的大事由父母做主。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhè(measure word)件jiànmatter事shìby由yóuyou你nǐdecide做主zuò zhǔ。

In the opening situation: 买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。

The child is given authority over this particular choice.

Check the limit of the explanation

This does not mean the child controls the entire event.

State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 买什么礼物，由做主孩子 needs repair here. Write 买什么礼物，由孩子做主 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The child is given authority over this particular choice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

This does not mean the child controls the entire event. State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

Try it with help closed

A group asks who should select the gift. The decision is assigned to the child. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 买什么礼物，由孩子自己做主。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

This does not mean the child controls the entire event.

State the area first when needed; 做主 assigns decision authority, unlike 帮忙, which only offers assistance.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

非得 … 不可 (absolutely must)

A constraint narrows the possible person

A task requires the only team member who holds the key.

这事非得他来不可。 — The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come.

Locate the pattern in real examples

非得 … 不可 (absolutely must): 这事非得他出面不可。; 今天非得把作业写完不可。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèmatter事shìabsolutely must非得fēi děihe他tācome来láino other way不可bù kě。

In the opening situation: 这事非得他来不可。

The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come.

Check the limit of the explanation

得 is read děi here.

非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 非了得他来不可 needs repair here. Write 非得他来不可 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker insists that he, rather than an alternative person, must come. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

得 is read děi here. 非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

Try it with help closed

A task requires the only team member who holds the key. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 这事非得他来不可。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

得 is read děi here.

非得 often appears without 不可 in ordinary speech, as in 非得今天去吗; do not treat the long form as the only possible sentence.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一来 … ，二来 … (firstly …, secondly …)

Two reasons differ from a time sequence

You choose cycling because it saves money and gives exercise.

骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。 — The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一来 … ，二来 … (firstly …, secondly …): 我不去了,一来太远,二来没时间。; 骑车上班,一来省钱,二来锻炼身体。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

firstly一来yì láicheap便宜pián yi，secondly二来èr láiconvenient方便fāng biàn。

In the opening situation: 骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。

The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice.

Check the limit of the explanation

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second.

For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 二来省钱，一来锻炼身体 needs repair here. Write 一来省钱，二来锻炼身体 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The two phrases give two reasons for the same choice. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second. For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

Try it with help closed

You choose cycling because it saves money and gives exercise. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 骑车上班，一来省钱，二来锻炼身体。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

They do not mean that saving money happens first and exercise second.

For successive actions use 先…再…. Reasons may have different importance without a strict ranking.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
8
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교재 자료
Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

谅 (I bet / I'll wager …)

A confident prediction can still be wrong

A speaker expects someone not to reveal a secret.

谅他也不会说出去。 — The speaker confidently predicts that he will not tell others.

Locate the pattern in real examples

谅 (I bet / I'll wager …): 谅他也不敢说谎。; 谅你也不会拒绝。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I bet谅liànghe他tāeither也yěnot不bùdare敢gǎn。

In the opening situation: 谅他也不会说出去。

The speaker confidently predicts that he will not tell others.

Check the limit of the explanation

谅 here means to reckon or presume.

The prediction is not a guarantee; 不会 also gives the negative meaning. 谅 does not itself mean not.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 谅了他也不会说出去 needs repair here. Write 谅他也不会说出去 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The speaker confidently predicts that he will not tell others. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

谅 here means to reckon or presume. The prediction is not a guarantee; 不会 also gives the negative meaning. 谅 does not itself mean not.

Try it with help closed

A speaker expects someone not to reveal a secret. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 谅他也不会说出去。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

谅 here means to reckon or presume.

The prediction is not a guarantee; 不会 also gives the negative meaning. 谅 does not itself mean not.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
9
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이 주제를 독립된 페이지로 열기

곧 출시되는 학습 프로그램
교재 자료
Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

不屑(于) (disdain to)

Refusal can show an attitude of superiority

Someone refuses to debate a rumour because they consider it beneath them.

她不屑于争论这种谣言。 — The refusal is framed as disdain, rather than inability.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不屑(于) (disdain to): 他不屑于做这种小事。; 她对这种谣言不屑一顾。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tādisdain to不屑bú xiè(to)于yúlie撒谎sā huǎng。

In the opening situation: 她不屑于争论这种谣言。

The refusal is framed as disdain, rather than inability.

Check the limit of the explanation

不能争论 means cannot debate; 不愿争论 means unwilling.

不屑于 adds an attitude toward the activity, and does not prove the rumour false.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 她屑不于争论 needs repair here. Write 她不屑于争论 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The refusal is framed as disdain, rather than inability. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

不能争论 means cannot debate; 不愿争论 means unwilling. 不屑于 adds an attitude toward the activity, and does not prove the rumour false.

Try it with help closed

Someone refuses to debate a rumour because they consider it beneath them. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 她不屑于争论这种谣言。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

不能争论 means cannot debate; 不愿争论 means unwilling.

不屑于 adds an attitude toward the activity, and does not prove the rumour false.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

以便 (so as to / in order to)

Make a later useful action possible

An organiser asks for a contact number to send later updates.

请留下电话，以便我们联系您。 — Leaving the number enables the intended contact.

Locate the pattern in real examples

以便 (so as to / in order to): 请留下电话,以便我们联系您。; 早点出发,以便赶上头班车。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

please请qǐngleave留下liú xiànumber电话diàn huà，so as to以便yǐ biàncontact联系lián xì。

In the opening situation: 请留下电话，以便我们联系您。

Leaving the number enables the intended contact.

Check the limit of the explanation

以便 states a purpose, not a completed result.

Contrast 以免联系不上您, which names an unwanted failure the same action aims to prevent.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 请留下电话，我们联系您以便 needs repair here. Write 请留下电话，以便我们联系您 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Leaving the number enables the intended contact. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

以便 states a purpose, not a completed result. Contrast 以免联系不上您, which names an unwanted failure the same action aims to prevent.

Try it with help closed

An organiser asks for a contact number to send later updates. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 请留下电话，以便我们联系您。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

以便 states a purpose, not a completed result.

Contrast 以免联系不上您, which names an unwanted failure the same action aims to prevent.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
10
"If" 구문
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

假使 … ，就 … (if / supposing)

Prepare for a possibility without asserting it

An outdoor event has a backup plan if rain arrives tomorrow.

假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。 — Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response.

Locate the pattern in real examples

假使 … ，就 … (if / supposing): 假使明天下雨,活动就取消。; 假使他不同意,我们就再想办法。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

supposing假使jiǎ shǐhave有yǒuproblem问题wèn tí，then就jiùcome来láifind找zhǎome我wǒ。

In the opening situation: 假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。

Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response.

Check the limit of the explanation

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional.

假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 假了使明天下雨 needs repair here. Write 假使明天下雨 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Rain is a hypothetical condition; moving indoors is the planned response. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional. 假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

Try it with help closed

An outdoor event has a backup plan if rain arrives tomorrow. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 假使明天下雨，我们就改在室内活动。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

就 is a common partner, not a compulsory word in every conditional.

假使有困难，请告诉我 is natural without 就. The condition may never happen.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
11
인과 관계 구문
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

因为 … 而 … (because …, thereby …)

A cause explains one outcome

A nervous speaker accidentally says the wrong word.

他因为紧张而说错了话。 — 紧张 names the reason; 说错了话 names the resulting action.

Locate the pattern in real examples

因为 … 而 … (because …, thereby …): 比赛因为下雨而取消。; 他因为紧张而说错了话。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

the match比赛bǐ sàibecause因为yīn wèirain下雨xià yǔthereby而ércancel取消qǔ xiāo了le。

In the opening situation: 他因为紧张而说错了话。

紧张 names the reason; 说错了话 names the resulting action.

Check the limit of the explanation

Keep the cause between 因为 and 而.

This explains the claimed cause, rather than proving it. The subject can precede the whole structure, avoiding a needless second subject.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他因为而紧张说错了话 needs repair here. Write 他因为紧张而说错了话 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

紧张 names the reason; 说错了话 names the resulting action. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Keep the cause between 因为 and 而. This explains the claimed cause, rather than proving it. The subject can precede the whole structure, avoiding a needless second subject.

Try it with help closed

A nervous speaker accidentally says the wrong word. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他因为紧张而说错了话。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Keep the cause between 因为 and 而.

This explains the claimed cause, rather than proving it. The subject can precede the whole structure, avoiding a needless second subject.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
12
문장 패턴 — 형식적 및 서면
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

借 … 之名 (under the guise of)

The announced reason may hide another goal

Someone claims to attend a meeting but spends the trip sightseeing.

他借开会之名去旅游。 — The meeting is presented as a cover for travel.

Locate the pattern in real examples

借 … 之名 (under the guise of): 他借开会之名去旅游。; 有人借慈善之名骗钱。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāunder the guise of借jièstudy学习xué xíin the name of之名zhī mínggo out出去chū qùplay玩wán。

In the opening situation: 他借开会之名去旅游。

The meeting is presented as a cover for travel.

Check the limit of the explanation

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses.

A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他借之名开会去旅游 needs repair here. Write 他借开会之名去旅游 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The meeting is presented as a cover for travel. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses. A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

Try it with help closed

Someone claims to attend a meeting but spends the trip sightseeing. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他借开会之名去旅游。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

借…之名 often suggests a pretext; 以…的名义 can neutrally state whose name an action uses.

A writer must provide context rather than assume that any named purpose is dishonest.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

通过 … 使 … (by …, bring about …)

Give the method a real subject

A team improves its pronunciation through repeated practice.

我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。 — 我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation.

Locate the pattern in real examples

通过 … 使 … (by …, bring about …): 这次培训使大家掌握了新技能。; 我们通过讨论，使问题变得更清楚了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

we我们wǒ menthrough通过tōng guòexercise锻炼duàn liàn，cause使shǐbody身体shēn tǐmore更gènghealthy健康jiàn kāng。

In the opening situation: 我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。

我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation.

Check the limit of the explanation

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters.

通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 通过使反复练习我们发音更标准 needs repair here. Write 我们通过反复练习，使发音更标准 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

我们 carries out the practice, which improves pronunciation. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters. 通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

Try it with help closed

A team improves its pronunciation through repeated practice. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们通过反复练习，使发音更加标准。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

Avoid a subjectless sentence when the agent matters.

通过反复练习，发音更加标准了 is also natural; do not stack 通过 and 使 so that no clear subject remains in formal writing.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

以 … 的名义 (in the name of)

Choose whose name appears on a letter

A class sends a gift as a group rather than from one student.

我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。 — The action is presented as being in the class's name.

Locate the pattern in real examples

以 … 的名义 (in the name of): 他以公司的名义发了邮件。; 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāin以yǐcompany公司gōng sī的dename名义míng yìsign签qiān了lecontract合同hé tong。

In the opening situation: 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

The action is presented as being in the class's name.

Check the limit of the explanation

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation.

以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我们以名义班级的送礼物 needs repair here. Write 我们以班级的名义送礼物 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The action is presented as being in the class's name. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation. 以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

Try it with help closed

A class sends a gift as a group rather than from one student. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我们以班级的名义送了一份礼物。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The phrase states the named capacity; it does not itself prove authorisation.

以个人名义 is a common form without 的, whereas 以公司的名义 includes it.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

势必 (be bound to / inevitably)

A strong forecast needs supporting reasons

A report predicts that a closure will necessarily affect travel.

封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。 — The writer presents the effect as unavoidable.

Locate the pattern in real examples

势必 (be bound to / inevitably): 这样做势必引起误会。; 长期熬夜势必影响健康。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

not不bùchange改变gǎi biàn，be bound to势必shì bìfall behind落后luò hòu。

In the opening situation: 封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。

The writer presents the effect as unavoidable.

Check the limit of the explanation

势必 is stronger than 可能.

It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 势了必影响出行 needs repair here. Write 势必影响出行 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The writer presents the effect as unavoidable. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

势必 is stronger than 可能. It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

Try it with help closed

A report predicts that a closure will necessarily affect travel. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 封闭这条道路，势必影响出行。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

势必 is stronger than 可能.

It expresses confidence in a prediction, not independent proof. If evidence only suggests a possibility, choose 可能影响 instead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

倘若 (if / should — literary)

Write a formal contingency

A formal invitation asks people to notify the organiser if difficulties arise.

倘若有困难，请告诉我们。 — The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs.

Locate the pattern in real examples

倘若 (if / should — literary): 倘若明天有雨,行程就改。; 倘若你愿意,我们一起去。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

should倘若tǎng ruòhave有yǒudifficulty困难kùn nan，please请qǐngtell告诉gào sume我wǒ。

In the opening situation: 倘若有困难，请告诉我们。

The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs.

Check the limit of the explanation

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary.

Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 倘了若有困难 needs repair here. Write 倘若有困难 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The request applies if the hypothetical difficulty occurs. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary. Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

Try it with help closed

A formal invitation asks people to notify the organiser if difficulties arise. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 倘若有困难，请告诉我们。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

倘若 is formal, but calling it the most literary of all if words is unnecessary.

Its result may be a request or use 也; 就 is not compulsory.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

所 + Verb + 的 (that which is V-ed)

Turn an action's object into a noun phrase

A notice says all the material you need is available here.

你所需要的资料都在这里。 — 所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need.

Locate the pattern in real examples

所 + Verb + 的 (that which is V-ed): 他所说的都是实话。; 我们所看到的只是一部分。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèis是shìI我wǒ(that which)所suǒknow知道zhī dào的deall一切yí qiè。

In the opening situation: 你所需要的资料都在这里。

所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need.

Check the limit of the explanation

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive.

我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 你需要所的资料 needs repair here. Write 你所需要的资料 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

所需要的 modifies 资料: the material that you need. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive. 我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

Try it with help closed

A notice says all the material you need is available here. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 你所需要的资料都在这里。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

The subject remains 你, so the construction is not automatically passive.

我所知道的 can stand alone as what I know; adding a head noun specifies the thing.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
13
Let alone…
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

连 … 都 … ，何况 … (even …, let alone …)

Follow the direction of a scale

A box is too heavy even for an adult to move. A child is less able to move it.

连大人都搬不动，何况孩子？ — Failure for the stronger adult supports failure for the weaker child.

Locate the pattern in real examples

连 … 都 … ，何况 … (even …, let alone …): 连大人都搬不动,何况孩子?; 连本地人都会迷路,何况游客?

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

even连liánexperts专家zhuān jiāeven都dōunot不bùunderstand懂dǒng，let alone何况hé kuàngus我们wǒ men。

In the opening situation: 连大人都搬不动，何况孩子？

Failure for the stronger adult supports failure for the weaker child.

Check the limit of the explanation

何况 extends an argument along a relevant scale, not always toward a harder task.

In 这点事孩子都懂，何况大人, understanding by children supports understanding by adults.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 连大人都搬不动，何况了孩子 needs repair here. Write 连大人都搬不动，何况孩子 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

Failure for the stronger adult supports failure for the weaker child. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

何况 extends an argument along a relevant scale, not always toward a harder task. In 这点事孩子都懂，何况大人, understanding by children supports understanding by adults.

Try it with help closed

A box is too heavy even for an adult to move. A child is less able to move it. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 连大人都搬不动，何况孩子？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

何况 extends an argument along a relevant scale, not always toward a harder task.

In 这点事孩子都懂，何况大人, understanding by children supports understanding by adults.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
14
비슷한 부사 비교하기
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

按照 vs 根据 (in accordance with vs based on)

A rule can be followed and cited

A notice cites the parking rule, while an instruction tells staff to follow a procedure.

请按照规定办理。 — 按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule.

Locate the pattern in real examples

按照 vs 根据 (in accordance with vs based on): 他的话毫无___。; ___调查，多数人支持这个计划。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

according to按照àn zhàothe rules规定guī dìnghandle办理bàn lǐ。

In the opening situation: 请按照规定办理。

按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule.

Check the limit of the explanation

根据规定办理 can also be natural.

The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 请规定按照办理 needs repair here. Write 请按照规定办理 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

按照 highlights acting in accordance with the rule. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

根据规定办理 can also be natural. The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

Try it with help closed

A notice cites the parking rule, while an instruction tells staff to follow a procedure. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 请按照规定办理。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

根据规定办理 can also be natural.

The useful contrast is following a model versus reasoning from evidence; the two words overlap with rules. 根据 can also be a noun: 有根据.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不得不 vs 只好 (forced to vs only option)

Pressure and a last resort can overlap

The last bus has left, leaving walking as the available way home.

末班车走了，我只好走回家。 — 只好 highlights accepting the remaining option.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不得不 vs 只好 (forced to vs only option): 由于台风，航班___取消。; 医生说必须休息，他___放下工作。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒhave to不得不bù dé bùagree同意tóng yì。

In the opening situation: 末班车走了，我只好走回家。

只好 highlights accepting the remaining option.

Check the limit of the explanation

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity.

Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我好只走回家 needs repair here. Write 我只好走回家 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

只好 highlights accepting the remaining option. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity. Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

Try it with help closed

The last bus has left, leaving walking as the available way home. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 末班车走了，我只好走回家。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

我不得不走回家 also fits this situation, stressing necessity.

Do not label one option impossible just because the other emphasises resignation more clearly.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

不断 vs 不停 (continually vs non-stop)

Repeated progress is not a stopwatch rule

A report describes technology continuing to improve over time.

技术在不断进步。 — 不断 presents continuing development.

Locate the pattern in real examples

不断 vs 不停 (continually vs non-stop): 科技在___发展。; 我们要___学习新知识。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

technology技术jì shùcontinually不断bú duànadvance进步jìn bù。

In the opening situation: 技术在不断进步。

不断 presents continuing development.

Check the limit of the explanation

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps.

不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 技术在断不进步 needs repair here. Write 技术在不断进步 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

不断 presents continuing development. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps. 不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

Try it with help closed

A report describes technology continuing to improve over time. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 技术在不断进步。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

不断 can describe repeated or continuous activity; it does not guarantee gaps.

不停 highlights not stopping, and 响个不停 is an established result pattern. Choose by phrasing and focus, not an invented gap rule.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

反而 vs 却 (instead vs however)

Identify the expectation that was reversed

Someone tries to help but makes the situation more confusing.

他想帮忙，反而添了乱。 — The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result.

Locate the pattern in real examples

反而 vs 却 (instead vs however): 风不但没停，___越来越大。; 吃了药，病不但没好，___更重了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

illness病bìnginstead反而fǎn érmore更gèngserious重zhòng了le。

In the opening situation: 他想帮忙，反而添了乱。

The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result.

Check the limit of the explanation

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast.

反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他想帮忙，添了乱反而 needs repair here. Write 他想帮忙，反而添了乱 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

The actual result runs opposite to the expected helpful result. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast. 反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

Try it with help closed

Someone tries to help but makes the situation more confusing. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他想帮忙，反而添了乱。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

却 can also mark an unexpected contrast.

反而 makes reversal explicit; 却 is not limited to ordinary or mild contrasts. Both can stand before adjective predicates as well as verbs.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

根本 vs 到底 (at all vs on earth)

A denial differs from a demand for an answer

A speaker firmly denies knowing someone, then asks what the listener wants.

我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？ — 根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer.

Locate the pattern in real examples

根本 vs 到底 (at all vs on earth): 我___不认识他。; 这件事他___没听说过。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒat all根本gēn běnnot不bùknow知道zhī dào。

In the opening situation: 我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？

根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer.

Check the limit of the explanation

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师.

根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我不认识他根本 needs repair here. Write 我根本不认识他 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

根本 strengthens the denial; 到底 presses for the actual answer. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师. 根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

Try it with help closed

A speaker firmly denies knowing someone, then asks what the listener wants. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我根本不认识他。你到底想说什么？

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

到底 also occurs in affirmative statements such as 他到底是老师.

根本 can name a foundation as a noun, so its meaning is not limited to negative sentences.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

根据 vs 据 (based on vs formal shorthand)

Compact reporting can still take an object

A report introduces a conclusion based on a survey.

据调查，多数人支持这个计划。 — 据 names the source in compact written style.

Locate the pattern in real examples

根据 vs 据 (based on vs formal shorthand): 大家的意见，我们修改了计划。; 这种说法没有科学。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

based on根据gēn jùthe survey调查diào chá，everyone大家dà jiāall都dōuagrees同意tóng yì。

In the opening situation: 据调查，多数人支持这个计划。

据 names the source in compact written style.

Check the limit of the explanation

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects.

根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 这种说法没有科学据 needs repair here. Write 这种说法没有科学根据 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

据 names the source in compact written style. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects. 根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

Try it with help closed

A report introduces a conclusion based on a survey. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 据调查，多数人支持这个计划。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

据 is not limited to set phrases: 据调查 and 据最新统计 take objects.

根据 also forms the noun for a basis, as in 这种说法没有根据; 据 alone does not replace it there.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

恢复 vs 还原 (recover vs restore to original)

A service returns; a scene is reconstructed

An internet connection works again after an outage.

网络恢复正常了。 — 恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function.

Locate the pattern in real examples

恢复 vs 还原 (recover vs restore to original): 他身体已经___了。; 网络___正常了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tārecover恢复huī fù了lehealth健康jiàn kāng。

In the opening situation: 网络恢复正常了。

恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function.

Check the limit of the explanation

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price.

还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 网络复恢正常了 needs repair here. Write 网络恢复正常了 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

恢复 highlights the return of a former state or function. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price. 还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

Try it with help closed

An internet connection works again after an outage. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 网络恢复正常了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

恢复 is not restricted to a good state: 恢复原价 returns to the earlier price.

还原 emphasises original form or reconstruction, as in 还原现场; context matters where restoration overlaps.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

居然 vs 反而 (surprisingly vs instead)

Surprise and reversal can describe one event

Someone tries to help but unexpectedly makes a mess.

他想帮忙，居然添了乱。 — 居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result.

Locate the pattern in real examples

居然 vs 反而 (surprisingly vs instead): 这么简单的题，他___做错了。; 他___忘了自己的生日。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

he他tāsurprisingly居然jū ránsucceed成功chéng gōng了le。

In the opening situation: 他想帮忙，居然添了乱。

居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result.

Check the limit of the explanation

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal.

The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他想帮忙，添了乱居然 needs repair here. Write 他想帮忙，居然添了乱 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

居然 highlights the speaker's surprise at the result. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal. The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

Try it with help closed

Someone tries to help but unexpectedly makes a mess. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他想帮忙，居然添了乱。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

反而添了乱 can describe the same event with emphasis on reversal.

The words differ in focus; they are not two mutually exclusive categories of event.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一度 vs 一时 (at one time vs for the moment)

A brief mistake can belong to the past

A person once made a hasty decision while briefly excited.

他一时高兴，答应得太快了。 — 一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一度 vs 一时 (at one time vs for the moment): 他曾___想放弃，后来坚持了下来。; 这首歌前几年___很流行，现在没人听了。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhè(measure word)首shǒusong歌gēat one time一度yí dùvery很hěnpopular流行liú xíng。

In the opening situation: 他一时高兴，答应得太快了。

一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment.

Check the limit of the explanation

一时 is not restricted to now.

一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 他时一高兴 needs repair here. Write 他一时高兴 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

一时 describes a passing state of excitement at that earlier moment. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

一时 is not restricted to now. 一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

Try it with help closed

A person once made a hasty decision while briefly excited. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 他一时高兴，答应得太快了。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

一时 is not restricted to now.

一度 highlights a period or occasion, as in 曾一度想放弃, without specifying how long the phase lasted.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

一直 vs 一向 (continuously vs habitually)

A continuous action differs from a usual habit

You have been waiting throughout the morning for a reply.

我一直在等你的消息。 — 一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span.

Locate the pattern in real examples

一直 vs 一向 (continuously vs habitually): 雨___下到今天早上。; 我___在等你的消息。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

I我wǒcontinuously一直yì zhí(doing)在zàiwait等děngyou你nǐ。

In the opening situation: 我一直在等你的消息。

一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span.

Check the limit of the explanation

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向.

一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我直一在等你的消息 needs repair here. Write 我一直在等你的消息 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

一直 describes the continuing waiting during a particular span. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向. 一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

Try it with help closed

You have been waiting throughout the morning for a reply. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 我一直在等你的消息。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

A lasting preference can take either 一直 or 一向.

一向 also describes service or other recurring conditions; it is not limited to personal traits. 一直往前走 uses the spatial meaning straight ahead.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.
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Use the examples with their context and limits. Recall a sentence before reading the model. Original teaching additions accompany examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA); see the course reference provenance.

彼此 vs 对方 (each other vs the other party)

The other side's reply is a one-sided event

You call someone, and the person at the other end speaks first.

电话接通后，对方先开了口。 — 对方 identifies the counterpart, not both sides together.

Locate the pattern in real examples

彼此 vs 对方 (each other vs the other party): 老朋友之间应该___信任。; 我们___了解，不用多说。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

we我们wǒ meneach other彼此bǐ cǐtrust信任xìn rèn。

In the opening situation: 电话接通后，对方先开了口。

对方 identifies the counterpart, not both sides together.

Check the limit of the explanation

彼此信任 describes mutual trust; 对方信任我 describes the other person's trust in me without asserting that I trust them.

Track who acts on whom.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 我们此彼信任 needs repair here. Write 我们彼此信任 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

对方 identifies the counterpart, not both sides together. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

彼此信任 describes mutual trust; 对方信任我 describes the other person's trust in me without asserting that I trust them. Track who acts on whom.

Try it with help closed

You call someone, and the person at the other end speaks first. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 电话接通后，对方先开了口。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

彼此信任 describes mutual trust; 对方信任我 describes the other person's trust in me without asserting that I trust them.

Track who acts on whom.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.

人家 vs 别人 (others — colloquial vs neutral)

Identify the referent before translating

A friend asks you to forgive a person who has already apologised.

人家都道歉了，你就原谅他吧。 — 人家 refers to the person under discussion, with sympathy or an appeal.

Locate the pattern in real examples

人家 vs 别人 (others — colloquial vs neutral): ___的东西不能随便拿。; 不要在背后说___的坏话。

Read the whole clause before choosing a translation. The examples show the pattern in use; the context below determines what the speaker claims.

Follow the speaker

this这zhèis是shìother people别人bié rén的debusiness事shì。

In the opening situation: 人家都道歉了，你就原谅他吧。

人家 refers to the person under discussion, with sympathy or an appeal.

Check the limit of the explanation

别人 neutrally means someone else or others.

人家 can refer to another person or, in certain familiar styles, the speaker; tone and context decide. It is not automatically warmer or more polite.

Repair the form before interpreting it

The form 人家都了道歉 needs repair here. Write 人家都道歉了 instead; keep the word or frame in its demonstrated order.

Form and meaning are separate checks. After the repair, explain the sentence in its situation rather than treating a familiar translation as a universal rule.

Keep the distinction

人家 refers to the person under discussion, with sympathy or an appeal. Check the relevant speaker, time or group in the surrounding context.

别人 neutrally means someone else or others. 人家 can refer to another person or, in certain familiar styles, the speaker; tone and context decide. It is not automatically warmer or more polite.

Try it with help closed

A friend asks you to forgive a person who has already apologised. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

One possible response: 人家都道歉了，你就原谅他吧。

My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.

I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.

别人 neutrally means someone else or others.

人家 can refer to another person or, in certain familiar styles, the speaker; tone and context decide. It is not automatically warmer or more polite.

I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

Practise this pattern step by step.