Unit 5: Revolutions
AP World History: Modern Topic 5 6:46 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
This unit has two engines running at once.
这一单元有两台引擎同时运转。
An intellectual revolution that changed how people justified political authority, and an industrial revolution that changed how societies produced and lived.
一场思想革命， 改变了人们为政治权威辩护的方式； 一场工业革命， 改变了社会的生产与生活方式。
Most students study them as separate chapters, which is exactly the wrong preparation, because most questions ask you to connect them.
多数学生把它们当作两章分开学， 而这恰恰是错误的准备方式， 因为大多数题目 要求你把两者连接起来。
Start with the method, because the ideas follow from it.
先从方法讲起， 因为观念是由方法推出来的。
Enlightenment philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empirical approaches to both the natural world and human relationships.
启蒙哲学把新的理解方式 与实证方法 同时应用于自然世界与人际关系。
Apply that to politics and you get ideas that question established tradition: individualism, natural rights, and the social contract, plus calls for religious tolerance and limits on established authority.
把它用到政治上， 就得到质疑既有传统的观念： 个人主义、天赋权利与社会契约， 再加上对宗教宽容的呼吁 与对既有权威的限制。
Those ideas then influenced reform movements — the expansion of suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and demands for women's suffrage alongside an emergent feminism that challenged political and gender hierarchies.
这些观念随后影响了改革运动， 选举权的扩大、废除奴隶制， 以及对妇女选举权的诉求， 伴随着一种新兴的女权主义， 挑战政治与性别等级。
And colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions of their own.
而美洲的殖民地民众也领导了一系列自己的起义。
Nationalism became a major force.
民族主义成为一股主要力量。
People developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory, and these newly imagined national communities were often linked to state-building.
人们基于语言、宗教、 社会习俗与领土 形成了新的共同体意识， 而这些被新想象出来的民族共同体 常常与国家建构联系在一起。
Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged revolution, and Enlightenment ideas, as reflected in revolutionary documents, justified those movements.
对君主制与帝国统治的不满 鼓励了革命， 而体现在革命文献中的启蒙观念 为这些运动提供了正当性。
Now the pattern to hold, and it is the single most useful sentence in the unit.
现在是要牢记的模式， 也是本单元最有用的一句话。
An idea — rights, consent, nation — plus a grievance — taxation, exclusion, slavery, colonial rule — produces a movement.
一个观念，权利、同意、民族， 加上一项不满， 税收、排斥、奴隶制、殖民统治， 产生一场运动。
Answers that give only the idea, or only the grievance, explain nothing.
只给观念，或只给不满的答案， 什么也没有解释。
The examinable set is the American, French, Haitian and Latin American revolutions, and each one is a different pairing.
可考的一组是 美国、法国、海地 与拉丁美洲革命， 而每一个都是不同的配对。
The Industrial Revolution begins here, in the period 1750 to 1900.
工业革命从这里开始，时间是一七五〇到一九〇〇年。
Now the industrial engine, and the question that opens it: why here, and why then.
现在讲工业这台引擎， 以及开启它的问题： 为什么是这里，为什么是这时。
The CED names a variety of factors, and the mark is for using several at once rather than picking a favourite.
课程大纲列出了多种因素， 得分点在于同时使用其中几项， 而不是挑一个自己喜欢的。
Access to coal and iron.
获得煤与铁。
Navigable rivers and canals.
可通航的河流与运河。
Agricultural productivity that freed labour from the land.
农业生产率的提高 把劳动力从土地上解放出来。
Capital, and legal protection for it.
资本，以及对资本的法律保护。
Urbanisation.
城市化。
And access to raw materials and markets through overseas empire.
以及通过海外帝国 获得原材料与市场。
Industrialisation needed several conditions at once, which is why a one-cause answer cannot be right.
工业化需要多个条件同时具备， 这正是单一原因的答案 不可能正确的原因。
The factory system concentrated production in a single location under supervision, replacing dispersed household production.
工厂制度把生产集中到 一个地点、在监督之下进行， 取代了分散的家庭生产。
Say what it replaced — that is the half of the definition students leave out, and it is where the mark is.
要说出它取代了什么， 这是学生常常漏掉的那半个定义， 而分数正在那里。
And notice that this change is as much organisational as technical.
并且要注意， 这一变化在组织上的意义 不亚于技术上的意义。
Machines matter, but it is putting workers in one building under a clock that makes the scale of output possible.
机器很重要， 但把工人放进同一栋楼、 在钟表的管理之下， 才使这样规模的产出成为可能。
Then the rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in Europe spread to other regions, and states that industrialised gained enormous advantages in wealth and military power over those that did not.
随后，蒸汽动力工业生产 在欧洲的迅速发展 扩散到其他地区， 而实现工业化的国家 在财富与军事力量上 获得了对未工业化国家的巨大优势。
Technology compounded the change in three waves worth separating.
技术以三波方式 叠加放大了这一变化， 值得分开来记。
The steam engine, and later the internal combustion engine.
蒸汽机，以及后来的内燃机。
The second industrial revolution in steel, chemicals and electricity.
第二次工业革命， 在钢铁、化学与电力方面。
And the transport and communication set — railroads, steamships and the telegraph — which made exploration, colonisation and administration at a distance possible.
以及交通与通信这一组， 铁路、蒸汽船与电报， 它们使远距离的探索、殖民 与行政管理成为可能。
That last phrase is the one to remember, because it is the bridge into Unit 6.
最后这句话最该记住， 因为它是通往第六单元的桥梁。
Empire at that scale is a technological achievement before it is a political one.
那种规模的帝国， 首先是一项技术成就， 然后才是政治成就。
Government, economy, and reaction.
政府、经济与回应。
Two more things belong here.
这里还有两件事。
A small number of states sponsored industrialisation directly — Meiji Japan, Russia under state-led programmes, and Egypt under Muhammad Ali.
少数国家直接推动工业化， 明治日本、 国家主导计划下的俄国， 以及穆罕默德·阿里治下的埃及。
That is the contrast to the British pattern, and it is what a comparison question usually wants.
这是与英国模式的对照， 也是比较题通常想要的东西。
Meanwhile western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade, and the global nature of trade and production produced transnational businesses and new financial instruments.
与此同时，西欧国家 开始放弃重商主义、转向自由贸易， 而贸易与生产的全球性 催生了跨国企业与新的金融工具。
Then reaction came from several directions, and give them as a set.
随后，反应来自多个方向， 要把它们作为一组给出。
Workers organised in labour unions and pressed for shorter hours, safety and wages.
工人组织工会， 争取更短的工时、安全与工资。
Alternative visions of society emerged — socialism, communism and anarchism.
出现了关于社会的替代构想， 社会主义、共产主义与无政府主义。
Some governments passed reform legislation on working conditions, child labour and public health.
一些政府就劳动条件、童工 与公共卫生通过了改革立法。
And the expansion of industrialising states drove internal reform movements elsewhere in Asia.
而工业化国家的扩张 推动了亚洲其他地方的内部改革运动。
Society in the industrial age changed with it, eventually and unevenly.
工业时代的社会也随之改变，只是缓慢而且不均衡。
Socially, new classes formed — a middle class and an industrial working class, each with its own culture and politics.
在社会方面，新的阶级形成， 中产阶级与工业工人阶级， 各有自己的文化与政治。
Alongside them: rapid urbanisation with overcrowding and disease, changes in family structure and in women's work as production left the home, and rising standards of living over the long run, unevenly distributed and reached only after decades of hardship.
与之并存的是： 伴随过度拥挤与疾病的快速城市化， 家庭结构的变化， 以及生产离开家庭之后 女性劳动的变化， 还有长期来看不断上升的生活水平， 分布并不均衡， 而且要在数十年的艰难之后才达到。
The unit's reasoning skill is continuity and change.
本单元的推理技能是延续与变化。
Production and class structure changed fundamentally, while imperial competition, coerced labour in colonised regions, and inequality persisted in new forms.
生产与阶级结构发生了根本变化， 而帝国竞争、 殖民地区的强制劳动 与不平等 则以新的形式延续。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, answer why Britain first with several factors at once — coal, capital, agriculture, empire — not one cause.
第一，回答"为什么英国最早" 要同时用上几个因素：煤、资本、农业、帝国， 而不是一个原因。
Second, the factory system is an organisational change — say what it replaced.
第二，工厂制度是一种组织上的变化， 要说出它取代了什么。
Third, every revolution is an idea plus a grievance.
第三，每一场革命 都是一个观念加一项不满。
Fourth, state-sponsored industrialisation is the contrast to the British pattern, and western Europe abandoned mercantilism for free trade.
第四，国家推动的工业化 是与英国模式的对照， 而西欧放弃了重商主义、转向自由贸易。
Fifth, give the reactions as a set: unions, socialism, communism, anarchism, and reform legislation.
第五，把各种反应作为一组给出： 工会、社会主义、共产主义、无政府主义、 以及改革立法。
Living standards rose eventually and unevenly.
生活水平最终会上升，但不均衡。
Continuity and change is the skill: production and class changed, while imperial competition, coerced labour and inequality persisted.
延续与变化是这项技能： 生产与阶级改变了， 而帝国竞争、强制劳动与不平等 则以新的形式延续。