Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
AP World History: Modern Topic 6 6:14 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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This is the unit on the consequences of industrialisation, 1750 to 1900.
这一单元讲的是工业化的后果，一七五〇到一九〇〇年。
One distinction decides most of the marks in this unit, and it is easy to state and easy to forget.
有一个区分决定了本单元的大部分分数， 它很容易说清，也很容易忘掉。
A justification is not a cause.
辩护理由不是原因。
The civilising mission did not make anyone want a colony.
文明教化使命 并没有让任何人想要一块殖民地。
Factories wanting rubber did.
工厂需要橡胶，才让人想要。
The exam asks for one or the other, and it rewards you for not confusing them, so keep the two lists separate in your head from the beginning.
考试问的是其中之一， 而且会因为你不把两者混淆而给分， 所以从一开始 就把这两份清单在脑子里分开。
A range of cultural, religious and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism.
一系列文化、宗教与种族意识形态 被用来为帝国主义辩护。
The examinable ones are four: the civilising mission, missionary activity, Social Darwinism applied to nations and peoples, and nationalism — the claim that colonies proved a state's greatness.
可考的有四种： 文明教化使命、传教活动、 被应用于民族与人群的社会达尔文主义， 以及民族主义， 也就是殖民地证明了国家伟大这一主张。
Learn them as a set of four.
把它们作为四个一组来记。
And then say the sentence that earns the mark.
然后说出那句能得分的话。
These are justifications, not causes.
这些是辩护理由，不是原因。
Naming them as ideology, and keeping them separate from the economic and strategic motives, is what a strong answer does.
把它们指认为意识形态， 并与经济和战略动机区分开， 正是好答案的做法。
Expansion took several forms, and the CED distinguishes them, so distinguish them too.
扩张有几种形式， 课程大纲对它们作了区分， 你也要区分。
Some states strengthened control over existing colonies, converting trading relationships into direct rule.
一些国家加强对既有殖民地的控制， 把贸易关系转为直接统治。
Many used both warfare and diplomacy — conquest, but also treaties, protectorates, and partition agreements made in Europe between Europeans.
许多国家同时使用战争与外交， 既有征服， 也有条约、保护国， 以及欧洲人之间在欧洲达成的瓜分协定。
Europeans established settler colonies in some places, which displaced Indigenous populations far more thoroughly than administrative rule did.
欧洲人在一些地方建立定居殖民地， 它对原住民的驱逐 远比行政统治彻底。
And two points people miss.
还有两点常被忽略。
European states, the United States and Japan all acquired new territory, so imperialism was not only European.
欧洲国家、美国与日本 都获取了新领土， 所以帝国主义不只是欧洲的。
And the United States, Russia and Japan expanded by taking contiguous land rather than overseas territory, which is a different shape of empire entirely.
而美国、俄国与日本 是通过夺取相连的陆地扩张， 而不是海外领土， 这是一种完全不同形态的帝国。
Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, and listing only armed revolt loses marks.
反帝抵抗有多种形式， 只罗列武装起义会失分。
Direct resistance — armed rebellion against colonial authority.
直接抵抗， 也就是针对殖民当局的武装反抗。
The creation of new states by leaders organising against imperial power.
由领导者组织起来对抗帝国权力 而建立新的国家。
And religious and cultural movements that reasserted local identity against colonial rule.
以及重新伸张本地认同 以对抗殖民统治的 宗教与文化运动。
Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism in colonised regions led to rebellions, some sustained enough to change imperial policy.
对政治权威日益增多的质疑， 以及殖民地区不断增长的民族主义， 引发了起义， 其中一些持续到足以改变帝国政策。
And here is the point students most often get wrong: resistance is continuous throughout the period, not a late reaction that begins once empire is established.
而这里是学生最常搞错的一点： 抵抗贯穿整个时期， 不是帝国建立之后才开始的迟来反应。
Now the economic side.
现在讲经济方面。
The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for growing urban populations reorganised production across the world.
工厂对原材料的需求， 以及不断增长的城市人口 对粮食供应的需求， 重组了全世界的生产。
Colonies and dependent regions were pushed toward cash crops and extractive industries, often at the cost of food production for local use.
殖民地与依附地区 被推向经济作物与采掘业， 往往以牺牲本地食用粮食生产为代价。
Then the distinction this unit is really testing.
接着是本单元真正要考的那个区分。
Economic imperialism means industrialised states and their businesses exercising control through investment, loans and trade dominance, without necessarily taking political control.
经济帝国主义指的是 工业化国家及其企业 通过投资、贷款与贸易支配施加控制， 而不一定夺取政治控制权。
So a region could be economically dominated while remaining formally independent, and trade in some commodities was organised so that merchants and firms in industrialised states held disproportionate power over producers, setting prices and terms.
因此一个地区可能在经济上被支配， 同时在形式上保持独立， 而某些商品的贸易被组织成 工业化国家的商人与公司 对生产者拥有不成比例的权力， 由他们决定价格与条件。
Receiving societies also pushed back with exclusion laws aimed at particular migrant groups.
接收社会也用针对特定移民群体的排斥法案来反制。
Migration in this period was shaped by demographic change in both sending and receiving societies, and by new modes of transportation — steamships and railways — which made long-distance and often temporary or seasonal movement possible for the first time.
这一时期的人口迁移， 既受输出社会与接收社会 人口变化的影响， 也受新的交通方式影响， 蒸汽船与铁路， 它们首次使长距离 以及常常是临时或季节性的移动 成为可能。
Two kinds must be distinguished.
必须区分两种。
Many people chose freely to relocate, usually in search of work.
许多人自由选择迁移， 通常是为了找工作。
And the global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labour, including indentured servitude and convict labour, after the legal end of the slave trade.
而全球资本主义经济 在奴隶贸易在法律上终结之后， 继续依赖强制与半强制劳动， 包括契约劳工与囚犯劳动。
Then three effects are named directly in the CED.
课程大纲还直接点出三项影响。
Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the societies they left.
移民多为男性， 使女性在他们离开的社会中 承担新的角色。
Migrants created ethnic enclaves in destination societies, transplanting and adapting their cultures.
移民在目的地社会 形成族裔聚居区， 移植并调整自己的文化。
And receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants — the examinable evidence being legal exclusion, most clearly the restriction of Chinese and other Asian migration in several countries.
而接收社会 并不总是接纳移民， 可考的证据是法律上的排斥， 最清楚的是若干国家 对华人及其他亚洲移民的限制。
Causation in the imperial age is the unit's reasoning skill.
帝国时代的因果关系，是本单元的推理技能。
The unit's reasoning skill is causation, and there is one chain that answers most of its questions.
本单元的推理技能是因果， 而有一条链条 能回答它的大多数题目。
Industrial production created demand for raw materials and markets.
工业生产制造了 对原材料与市场的需求。
That demand drove expansion.
这一需求推动了扩张。
Expansion required justification, which ideology supplied.
扩张需要辩护理由， 由意识形态提供。
And both together produced resistance and mass migration.
而两者共同产生了抵抗与大规模移民。
Notice what an answer must do with that chain.
注意答案必须如何使用这条链。
The mark is for the link, not for asserting that industrialisation and imperialism are connected.
分数给的是那个环节， 而不是断言工业化与帝国主义有关。
Industrial factories required raw materials such as cotton and rubber that could not be produced in Europe, so industrial states took political or economic control of regions that could supply them, reorganising those economies around export crops.
工业工厂需要棉花与橡胶这类 欧洲无法生产的原材料， 于是工业化国家 对能够供应它们的地区 取得政治或经济控制， 并围绕出口作物重组那里的经济。
That is a chain, and every step of it is visible.
这才是一条链， 而且每一步都看得见。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, separate justifications from causes.
第一，把辩护理由与原因分开。
Second, imperialism was not only European, and not always overseas.
第二，帝国主义不只是欧洲的， 也不总是海外的。
Third, resistance is three kinds and it runs throughout.
第三，抵抗有三种形式， 而且贯穿整个时期。
Fourth, economic imperialism does not require political control.
第四，经济帝国主义 不需要政治控制。
Fifth, on causation the mark is for the link, so write every step.
第五，因果题的分数给的是环节， 所以每一步都要写出来。