The Atlantic Economy · 大西洋经济
What was exchanged, and between whom
- An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks.
- The CED names people among the things exchanged, and it names American Indians as well as enslaved Africans.
- European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labour.
交换的是什么,在谁之间
- 一种大西洋经济发展起来,在其中商品,以及被奴役的非洲人与美洲印第安人,通过广泛的贸易网络在欧洲、非洲与美洲之间被交换。
- CED 把人列在被交换之物之中,而且既点出美洲印第安人,也点出被奴役的非洲人。
- 欧洲殖民地经济的重心是获取、生产并出口在欧洲受重视的商品,以及取得新的劳动力来源。
Select all · 所有 that the CED says were exchanged in the Atlantic economy. · 选择CED提及在大西洋经济中交换的所有项目。
The CED names people among the things exchanged. · CED 列出了交换物品中的人员。
Trade changed native communities twice
- Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
- One cause, two very different effects: cultural and economic change, and radical demographic shifts.
- Continuing matters — 1.4's epidemics were not a single event but an ongoing consequence of contact.
贸易两次改变了原住民社群
- 与欧洲人的持续贸易,增加了商品在美洲印第安人社群中进出的流动,刺激了文化与经济上的变化,并传播了造成剧烈人口变动的流行病。
- 一个原因,两种极不相同的效果:文化与经济上的变化,以及剧烈的人口变动。
- 持续很重要——1.4 的流行病不是一次性事件,而是接触所带来的持续后果。
Select both · 两者 effects of continuing trade on American Indian communities. · 选择贸易持续对美洲原住民社区产生的两个影响。
One cause, two very different effects. · 一个原因，两种截然不同的结果。
Britain tried to organise the system
- The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
- Three adjectives for the intended structure — coherent, hierarchical, and imperial — and one word for the result: erratic.
- So the policy failed in application, not in design, and that gap is where 2.7's mistrust grows.
英国试图组织这个体系
- 英国政府日益试图把它的北美殖民地纳入一个连贯的、等级化的帝国结构之中,以推行重商主义的经济目标,但与殖民者及美洲印第安人的冲突,导致了帝国政策执行上的反复无常。
- 为所欲建立的结构给出了三个形容词——连贯的、等级化的、帝国的——而结果只有一个词:反复无常。
- 因此这项政策失败在执行上,而不在设计上,而 2.7 的不信任正是在这道落差中生长的。
The economy, its effect on native communities, or imperial policy? · 经济、其对原住民社区的影响还是帝国政策？
Sort each element of transatlantic trade. · 对跨大西洋贸易的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 three adjectives for the structure Britain attempted. · 选择描述英国试图构建的结构的所有三个形容词。
And one word for the result: erratic. · 以及一个描述结果的词：反复无常的。
The policy failed in application, not in design. Britain sought a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure, but conflicts produced erratic enforcement — and inconsistent rules teach colonists that they can be ignored while teaching London that they must be tightened.
这项政策失败在执行上,而不在设计上。英国追求一个连贯的、等级化的帝国结构,但冲突造成了反复无常的执行——而前后不一的规则,教会殖民者它们可以被忽视,同时教会伦敦它们必须被收紧。
Conflicts led to ____ enforcement of imperial policies. · 冲突导致了帝国政策执行的______。
The policy failed in application, not in design. · 该政策在实施上失败，而非设计本身。
Why erratic enforcement mattered
- A rule enforced inconsistently teaches colonists that it can be ignored, and teaches London that it must be tightened.
- So both sides drew opposite lessons from the same decades, which is exactly the shape of 2.1's second claim.
- 2.3's initially lax attention is the same fact from the colonies' side.
执行的反复无常为何重要
- 一条被前后不一地执行的规则,教会殖民者它可以被忽视,也教会伦敦它必须被收紧。
- 因此双方从同样的年代里得出了相反的教训,而这正是 2.1 第二项主张的形态。
- 2.3 中最初的松散管理,正是从殖民地一侧看到的同一个事实。
Inconsistent enforcement taught the two sides... · 不一致的执行让双方...
Exactly the shape of 2.1's second claim. · 正是 2.1 第二项主张的确切形状。
Causes and effects over time
- The objective is causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time, and over time licenses a sequence.
- Causes: European demand for valued commodities and for new sources of labour.
- Effects: an Atlantic economy in goods and people, transformed and depopulated native communities, and an imperial structure applied erratically.
随时间演变的成因与效果
- 这一目标是跨大西洋贸易随时间的成因与效果,而随时间允许描述一个序列。
- 成因:欧洲对受重视商品以及对新劳动力来源的需求。
- 效果:一种交换商品与人的大西洋经济、被改变并被减少人口的原住民社群,以及一个被反复无常地施行的帝国结构。
A duty that is collected in one port and waived in the next is not really a duty; it is a lottery. Merchants learn to plan around it, and the officials who wrote it conclude that what is needed is stricter collection.
一项在这个港口征收、到下一个港口就被豁免的关税,其实不是关税;它是一场抽奖。商人学会绕着它安排,而制定它的官员则断定,所需要的是更严格的征收。
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. Britain sought a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure for mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
一种大西洋经济发展起来,在其中商品,以及被奴役的非洲人与美洲印第安人,在欧洲、非洲与美洲之间被交换。 与欧洲人的持续贸易增加了商品在美洲印第安人社群中进出的流动,刺激了文化与经济上的变化,并传播了造成剧烈人口变动的流行病。英国为其重商主义的经济目标追求一个连贯的、等级化的帝国结构,但冲突导致了帝国政策执行上的反复无常。