Accommodation and Conflict · 适应与冲突
Both outcomes, from the same rivalry
- Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict.
- French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.
- The second sentence makes native groups agents: they sought alliances, for their own purposes.
来自同一种对抗的两种结果
- 欧洲各对手与美洲印第安人各族之间的互动,既促成了通融,也促成了冲突。
- 法国、荷兰、英国与西班牙的殖民地与美洲印第安人群体结盟并向其提供武器,而后者也常常寻求与欧洲人结盟,以对抗其他美洲印第安人群体。
- 第二句话使原住民群体成为行动者:他们出于自身目的寻求结盟。
The CED says American Indian groups... · CED 指出美洲原住民群体...
They are agents in the CED's sentence. · 它们是 CED 句子中的行为主体。
Conflict over three named things
- British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.
- The three causes are exactly what 2.2 predicted for a colony of settling families: land, resources, boundaries.
- So the English pattern of living separately on taken land generates a different kind of conflict from a trading colony's.
围绕三样被点名之物的冲突
- 英国人与美洲印第安人在土地、资源与政治边界上的冲突,导致了军事对抗,例如新英格兰的梅塔科姆战争(菲利普王战争)。
- 这三项成因,正是 2.2 为一块由定居家庭构成的殖民地所预示的:土地、资源、边界。
- 因此英国那种在夺来的土地上分开居住的模式,产生了与一块贸易殖民地不同类型的冲突。
Select all · 所有 three causes of British-native conflict the CED names. · 选择 CED 提到的英土冲突的所有三个原因。
Exactly what 2.2 predicted for a colony of settling families. · 正是 2.2 对定居家庭殖民地的预测内容。
Resistance changed the coloniser
- American Indian resistance to Spanish colonising efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
- The causal arrow points from resistance to accommodation — the empire changed because it was resisted.
- That is the clearest statement of native agency in the unit, and it is worth quoting exactly.
抵抗改变了殖民者
- 美洲印第安人对西班牙在北美殖民努力的抵抗,尤其是在普韦布洛起义之后,导致西班牙人在西南部对美洲印第安文化的某些方面作出了通融。
- 因果箭头从抵抗指向通融——这个帝国之所以改变,是因为它遭到了抵抗。
- 这是本单元中关于原住民能动性最清晰的陈述,值得原样引用。
Alliance, conflict, or accommodation? · 联盟、冲突还是适应？
Sort each interaction. · 对每种互动进行分类。
In the Southwest, the causal arrow runs from... · 在西南部，因果箭头从...
The empire changed because it was resisted. · 帝国因遭到抵抗而改变。
The CED makes native nations agents, not only objects. They frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups, and Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture followed resistance — the causal arrow runs from resistance to the empire's change.
CED 使原住民民族成为行动者,而不只是对象。他们常常寻求与欧洲人结盟,以对抗其他美洲印第安人群体,而西班牙人对美洲印第安文化某些方面的通融是在抵抗之后出现的——因果箭头从抵抗指向帝国的改变。
The CED's named New England confrontation is Metacom's War, also called King ____'s War. · CED 提到的新英格兰对抗是梅塔科姆战争，也称为国王______战争。
A conflict over land, resources and boundaries. · 一场关于土地、资源和边界的冲突。
Why alliances and wars coexist
- When several empires compete, each needs local partners, so an alliance is available to a native nation that wants one.
- When one empire wants land rather than trade, no alliance can satisfy it, so conflict follows.
- So the outcome depends on what the European party wanted, which is 2.2's question again.
同盟与战争为何并存
- 当多个帝国相互竞争时,每一个都需要本地伙伴,因此想要同盟的原住民民族是有同盟可结的。
- 当一个帝国想要的是土地而不是贸易时,任何同盟都无法满足它,于是冲突随之而来。
- 因此结果取决于欧洲一方想要什么,而这又是 2.2 的那个问题。
Whether an interaction produced alliance or conflict depended mostly on... · 一种互动产生联盟还是冲突，主要取决于...
2.2's question again. · 再次提出 2.2 的问题。
Interactions changing over time
- The objective is how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time.
- How: from alliance and armament toward confrontation where land was wanted, and toward accommodation where resistance succeeded.
- Why: because the European aim and the balance of power in each region were different, and both changed.
随时间变化的互动
- 这一目标是欧洲各国与美洲印第安人之间的互动如何以及为何随时间变化。
- 如何:在土地被觊觎之处,从结盟与武装走向对抗;在抵抗取得成效之处,走向通融。
- 为何:因为每个区域的欧洲目标与力量对比各不相同,而两者都在变化。
A nation facing a stronger neighbour can gain from a newcomer with guns and no local claims. The same newcomer, once it wants fields instead of furs, has nothing to offer that nation but the loss of its land.
一个面对更强邻邦的民族,可以从一个带着枪、又没有本地领土主张的新来者那里获益。而同一个新来者,一旦想要的是田地而不是毛皮,除了这个民族失去土地之外,就再也没有什么可以提供。
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. European colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups. British conflicts... over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War), while American Indian resistance... particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
欧洲各对手与美洲印第安人各族之间的互动,既促成了通融,也促成了冲突。欧洲各殖民地与美洲印第安人群体结盟并向其提供武器,而后者也常常寻求与欧洲人结盟,以对抗其他美洲印第安人群体。英国人在土地、资源与政治边界上的冲突导致了军事对抗,例如梅塔科姆战争(菲利普王战争),而美洲印第安人的抵抗……尤其是在普韦布洛起义之后,导致西班牙人在西南部对美洲印第安文化的某些方面作出了通融。