Control and coordination in plants · 植物中的控制与协调
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| auxin/ˈɔːksɪn/ | 生长素 | shēng zhǎng sù |
| gibberellin/ˌdʒɪbəˈrelɪn/ | 赤霉素 | chì méi sù |
| elongation/iːˌlɒnˈɡeɪʃn/ | 伸长 | shēn cháng |
| germination/ˌdʒɜːmɪˈneɪʃn/ | 萌发 | méng fā |
| amylase/ˈæmɪleɪz/ | 淀粉酶 | diàn fěn méi |
How plants sense and respond
- Plants coordinate too — even fast enough to catch an insect.
- They use electrical signals and plant hormones.
- Two key hormones: auxin 生长素 and gibberellin 赤霉素.
植物如何感知和反应
- 植物也协调——甚至快到能抓住一只昆虫。
- 它们使用 电信号 和 植物激素。
- 两种关键激素:生长素(auxin) 和 赤霉素(gibberellin)。
A directional plant growth response to a stimulus (such as light) is called a ______. · 植物对一个刺激(例如光)的定向生长反应叫做一个 ______。
e.g. phototropism is growth towards light; gravitropism is growth in response to gravity. · 例如向光性是朝光生长;向地性是响应重力的生长。
The Venus fly trap
- Its trap-like leaves carry tiny hairs.
- When an insect touches the hairs, a fast electrical signal spreads.
- The cells quickly lose water and change shape, so the trap snaps shut.
捕蝇草
- 它陷阱状的叶携带微小的 毛。
- 当一只昆虫触碰这些毛时,一个快速的 电信号 扩散开。
- 细胞快速失去水并改变形状,所以陷阱 猛然关闭。
Plants can use fast electrical signals as well as slower hormones to coordinate responses. · 植物能用快速的电信号以及较慢的激素来协调反应。
The Venus fly trap shows plants use fast electrical signals; hormones like auxin and gibberellin act more slowly. · 捕蝇草展示植物用快速的电信号;像生长素和赤霉素这样的激素作用更慢。
The Venus fly trap snaps shut because: · 捕蝇草猛然关闭,因为:
An insect touching the trigger hairs starts a rapid electrical signal; the cells change shape and the trap closes. · 一只昆虫触碰触发毛开始一个快速的电信号;细胞改变形状,陷阱关闭。
Auxin and growth
- Auxin makes cells grow longer (elongation 伸长).
- It makes the cell pump protons into the cell wall, which acidifies and loosens the wall.
- The cell can then stretch as water enters.
Auxin makes the cell pump protons into the wall, loosening it so the cell can elongate
生长素和生长
- 生长素 使细胞长得更长(伸长(elongation))。
- 它使细胞把 质子 泵入 细胞壁,这 酸化 并 松弛 壁。
- 然后当水进入时细胞能伸展。
生长素使细胞把质子泵入壁,松弛它,使细胞能伸长
Phototropism: bending to the light · 向光性:朝光弯曲
Step through it. Auxin gathers on the shaded side, makes those cells grow longer, and the shoot bends towards the light. · 一步步走过它。生长素聚集在背光的一侧,使那些细胞长得更长,芽朝光弯曲。
Auxin causes cell elongation by: · 生长素通过以下引起细胞伸长:
Auxin acidifies the wall (via proton pumping), loosening it so the cell stretches as water enters. · 生长素(通过泵质子)使壁酸化,松弛它,所以当水进入时细胞伸展。
Put positive phototropism in order. · 把正向光性按顺序排列。
Auxin gathers on the shaded side and makes it grow faster, so the shoot leans towards the light. · 生长素聚集在背光的一侧并使它长得更快,所以芽朝光倾斜。
Gibberellin and germination 萌发
- Gibberellin controls the germination of barley seeds.
- It switches on the genes that make amylase 淀粉酶.
- Amylase breaks down stored starch into sugars to feed the growing seedling.
赤霉素和萌发
- 赤霉素 控制 大麦 种子的 萌发(germination)。
- 它开启制造 淀粉酶 的基因。
- 淀粉酶把储存的 淀粉 分解成糖来喂养生长中的幼苗。
Gibberellin helps a barley seed germinate by: · 赤霉素通过以下帮助一颗大麦种子萌发:
Gibberellin activates amylase production; amylase digests stored starch into sugars to feed the seedling. · 赤霉素激活淀粉酶的产生;淀粉酶把储存的淀粉消化成糖来喂养幼苗。
Match each plant signal to what it does. · 把每个植物信号与它做的事配对。
Auxin and gibberellin are slow hormones; the fly trap uses a fast electrical signal — plants use both. · 生长素和赤霉素是慢的激素;捕蝇草用一个快速的电信号——植物两者都用。
You've got it
- plants coordinate with electrical signals and hormones
- Venus fly trap: touch hairs → fast electrical signal → cells lose water → trap snaps shut
- auxin → cell elongation (pumps protons → acidifies/loosens the wall)
- gibberellin → germination (switches on amylase → starch → sugars)
你掌握了
- 植物用 电信号 和 激素 协调
- 捕蝇草:触碰毛 → 快速电信号 → 细胞失去水 → 陷阱猛然关闭
- 生长素 → 细胞 伸长(泵质子 → 酸化/松弛壁)
- 赤霉素 → 萌发(开启 淀粉酶 → 淀粉 → 糖)