Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
AP World History: Modern Topic 3 5:34 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
Every ruler in this unit faces the same practical problem.
这一单元里的每一位统治者 都面对同一个实际问题。
You have conquered territory that is weeks of travel from your capital, and the people who actually hold power there were powerful before you arrived.
你征服了距离首都数周路程的领土， 而在那里真正掌握权力的人 在你到来之前就已经有权势了。
How do you make your authority reach them?
你如何让自己的权威触及他们？
Four questions organise the whole unit, and they are all versions of that one problem: how did these empires expand, how did they govern, how did they pay for themselves, and how did they use religion?
四个问题贯穿整个单元， 而它们都是同一个问题的不同版本： 这些帝国如何扩张， 如何治理， 如何供养自己， 以及如何使用宗教。
How the land-based empires expanded, from 1450 to 1750, starts with one technology.
陆上帝国在一四五〇到一七五〇年间如何扩张，要从一项技术说起。
Expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade, which is why these are often called the gunpowder empires.
扩张依赖于 火药、火炮与武装贸易的增加使用， 这正是它们常被称为火药帝国的原因。
But naming the technology is only half a mark.
但说出技术名称只值一半的分。
Say why it mattered.
要说清它为什么重要。
Access to gunpowder weapons let a central ruler overpower regional rivals and fortified nobles, so military technology and political centralisation grew together — the technology is what made the centralisation possible.
获得火药武器 使中央统治者能够压倒地方对手 与筑有堡垒的贵族， 因此军事技术与政治集权同步增长， 技术正是使集权成为可能的东西。
The empires to know are four: the Manchu, or Qing, in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South Asia; the Ottoman in the eastern Mediterranean and beyond; and the Safavid in Persia.
要记住的帝国有四个： 中亚与东亚的满清； 南亚的莫卧儿； 东地中海及以外的奥斯曼； 以及波斯的萨法维。
Then administration.
然后是行政管理。
Take governing first.
先谈治理。
The recruitment of bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals gave rulers officials who owed their position to the state rather than to birth.
官僚精英的选任 与职业军人的养成， 让统治者拥有了 其地位来自国家而非出身的官员。
That phrase is the whole idea: an official who inherits his place has a base of his own, and an official the state made has nowhere else to stand.
这句话就是全部要点： 继承职位的官员有自己的根基， 而由国家造就的官员 别无立足之地。
The clearest case is the Ottoman devshirme system, which recruited and trained administrators and soldiers, including the janissaries.
最清楚的例子是奥斯曼的德夫希尔梅制度， 它招募并训练行政人员与士兵， 包括耶尼切里。
The Manchu continued China's examination system.
满清延续了中国的科举制度。
The Safavids used ghulams.
萨法维使用古拉姆。
Three different routes to the same result.
三条不同的路径，同样的结果。
Revenue came through tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems.
收入来自纳贡、包税制， 以及创新的税收征收体系。
The Mughal zamindar system and Ottoman tax farming are the standard examples, and the Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency is another.
莫卧儿的柴明达尔制度 与奥斯曼的包税制是标准例子， 明朝以硬通货征税的做法是另一个。
Here is a distinction worth memorising exactly, because questions turn on that difference.
这里有一个值得逐字记住的区分， 因为题目就在这个差别上做文章。
Tax farming sells the right to collect for a fixed payment — the buyer keeps whatever he can extract above it.
包税制是把征税权 以固定价款出售， 买家可以保留他在此之上能榨取的一切。
A zamindar is a hereditary landholder whose local standing gives him a permanent interest in the countryside.
柴明达尔是世袭地主， 其地方地位使他对乡村 有永久的利益关切。
One is a contract; the other is a class.
一个是契约，另一个是阶层。
Legitimacy and belief come next.
接下来是合法性与信仰。
Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art and monumental architecture to legitimise their rule.
统治者继续用宗教观念、艺术 与纪念性建筑 来为自己的统治提供正当性。
Mughal mosques and mausolea, Ottoman mosque complexes, Qing imperial portraits, and European palaces such as Versailles are all doing the same work.
莫卧儿的清真寺与陵墓、 奥斯曼的清真寺建筑群、 清朝的帝王画像， 以及像凡尔赛这样的欧洲宫殿， 做的都是同一件事。
When a question gives you a building, do not describe it.
当题目给你一座建筑时， 不要去描述它。
Say what it was doing: making a claim about the ruler's relationship to God, or to history, or to the people who had to look at it.
要说出它在做什么： 提出一个关于统治者 与神、与历史、 或与不得不仰望它的人们之间关系的主张。
Monumental architecture is evidence of legitimation, never decoration.
纪念性建筑是正当化的证据， 绝不是装饰。
Religious change also produced conflict, in three examinable forms.
宗教变化也带来了冲突， 有三种可考的形式。
The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and led to sustained religious and political conflict in Europe.
新教改革标志着 与既有基督教传统的决裂， 并在欧洲引发持续的宗教与政治冲突。
Political rivalry between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the Sunni-Shia split — and note the direction of that sentence, because it is the reason this example is set: state rivalry deepened a religious division, rather than religion simply causing a war.
奥斯曼与萨法维之间的政治对抗 加深了逊尼派与什叶派的分裂， 注意这句话的方向， 因为这正是设置这个例子的理由： 是国家对抗加深了宗教分裂， 而不是宗教直接引发战争。
And Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interaction between Hinduism and Islam.
而锡克教在南亚形成， 其背景是印度教与伊斯兰教的互动。
Political and religious disputes together produced rivalries and conflict between states across Eurasia.
政治与宗教争端一起， 在欧亚各地 造成了国家之间的对抗与冲突。
The unit's reasoning skill is comparison, and the productive comparisons are about method, not size.
本单元的推理技能是比较， 而有效的比较关乎方法，不是规模。
Recruiting officials by examination against by enslaved-elite systems.
按考试录用官员 对照奴隶精英制度。
Tax farming against land-revenue intermediaries against direct taxation.
包税制对照土地税收中介， 再对照直接征税。
Legitimacy through religious identity, as with Safavid Shi'ism as a state religion, against legitimacy through tolerance of diversity, as with Mughal policy under Akbar.
以宗教认同获得正当性， 比如萨法维把什叶派立为国教， 对照以容纳多样性获得正当性， 比如阿克巴治下的莫卧儿政策。
Then the shape.
然后是形状。
A comparison is one function, performed two ways, with the consequence stated.
一次比较是一项职能， 用两种方式完成， 并说明后果。
Both the Ottomans and the Mughals used intermediaries to collect revenue rather than salaried officials, but the Ottomans sold the right to collect for a fixed payment while the Mughals relied on hereditary landholders whose local standing gave them a permanent interest in the countryside.
奥斯曼与莫卧儿 都使用中介而非领薪官员来征收赋税， 但奥斯曼把征税权以固定价款出售， 而莫卧儿依靠世袭地主， 他们的地方地位 使其对乡村有永久的利益关切。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, say why gunpowder mattered — it let central rulers overpower regional rivals.
第一，说清火药为什么重要， 它让中央统治者能压倒地方对手。
Second, learn the four empires by administrative method, not territory.
第二，按行政方法记住四个帝国， 而不是按疆域。
Third, tax farming sells a right; a zamindar is a hereditary landholder.
第三，包税制出售的是一项权利； 柴明达尔是世袭地主。
Fourth, monumental architecture is evidence of legitimation, so say what it was doing.
第四，纪念性建筑是正当化的证据， 所以要说出它在做什么。
Fifth, the Ottoman-Safavid rivalry is politics deepening a religious divide.
第五，奥斯曼与萨法维的对抗 是政治加深了宗教分裂。