Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects
AP European History Topic 6 9:15 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
One claim is the spine of this unit.
有一个说法是本单元的主干。
Political revolutions and the complications of industrialisation triggered a range of ideological, governmental and collective responses.
政治革命 与工业化带来的复杂问题， 引发了一系列意识形态、 政府与集体层面的回应。
In other words: industrialisation created problems, and the ideologies and reforms of the nineteenth century are the answers people proposed to them.
换句话说： 工业化制造了问题， 而十九世纪的各种意识形态与改革 就是人们为这些问题提出的答案。
And a second claim tells you how to answer any "what was life like" question.
还有第二个说法 告诉你如何回答 任何"当时的生活是什么样"的题目。
Everyday experience depended on the level of industrial development in a particular location — so the answer is always where, and how far along.
日常经验取决于 某一地点的工业发展水平， 所以答案永远是 在哪里，以及进展到什么程度。
Contextualizing industrialization, first.
先为工业化建立背景。
Unit 6 covers about 1815 to 1914, and Industrialization is framed by three key concepts.
第六单元覆盖约一八一五到一九一四， 工业化由三个核心概念框住。
The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry.
工业革命从英国传到欧洲大陆， 在那里国家在推动工业上扮演更大角色。
Everyday experience depended on how far industrial development had gone in a particular place.
日常经验取决于某一地点 工业发展走到了哪一步。
And political revolutions and the complications of industrialisation triggered a range of ideological, governmental and collective responses.
而政治革命与工业化带来的复杂问题 引发了一系列意识形态、政府与集体回应。
That third claim is the unit's spine: Industrialization created the problems; the century's ideologies are the answers people proposed.
第三个说法是本单元的主干： 工业化制造了问题； 本世纪的意识形态是人们提出的答案。
Britain led, and the CED gives the reasons as a set.
英国率先起步， 课程大纲把原因作为一组给出。
Ready supplies of coal, iron ore and other raw materials.
充足的煤、铁矿石与其他原材料。
Mechanisation of textile production, iron and steel, and the development of machine tools.
纺织生产、钢铁的机械化， 以及机床的发展。
Economic institutions and human capital — engineers, inventors and capitalists.
经济制度与人力资本， 工程师、发明家与资本家。
And a parliamentary government that promoted commercial and industrial interests, because those interests were represented in Parliament.
以及一个推动商业与工业利益的议会制政府， 因为这些利益 在议会中有代表。
That last one is the political condition, and it is the one students leave out.
最后这一项是政治条件， 也是学生最常漏掉的一项。
Then the continent diverged, which is the examinable comparison.
随后欧洲大陆出现分化， 这正是可考的比较。
France industrialised more gradually, with government support, and with less social dislocation than Britain.
法国的工业化更为渐进， 有政府支持， 社会失序也比英国少。
Elsewhere a combination of geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites and the persistence of serf-like labour relations slowed industrialisation.
在其他地方， 地理条件、资源匮乏、 传统土地贵族的主导地位， 以及类似农奴的劳动关系的延续， 共同拖慢了工业化。
And because more primitive agricultural practices and landholding patterns persisted, some areas of Europe lagged behind entirely.
而由于更原始的农业方式 与土地占有形态延续下来， 欧洲的一些地区 完全落在了后面。
Second wave industrialization spread unevenly, depending on the level of industrial development already reached.
第二波工业化传播得并不均匀，取决于各地已经达到的工业化水平。
By 1914 mechanisation and the factory system had become the predominant modes of production.
到 1914 年， 机械化与工厂制度 已成为主要的生产方式。
During the second industrial revolution, roughly 1870 to 1914, industrial activity spread across more of Europe.
在第二次工业革命期间， 大致是 1870 至 1914 年， 工业活动扩展到欧洲更多地方。
New technologies and means of communication and transport — notably railroads — produced more fully integrated national economies.
新技术与新的通信和运输方式， 尤其是铁路， 造就了更加一体化的国民经济。
Efficient transport and other innovations created new industries and improved the distribution of goods.
高效的运输与其他创新 创造了新的产业， 改善了商品的分配。
Together with better harvests from the commercialisation of agriculture, industrialisation promoted population growth.
加上农业商业化带来的更好收成， 工业化促进了人口增长。
And a heightened consumerism developed.
而更强烈的消费主义 也随之形成。
In industrialised western and northern Europe, socioeconomic change created divisions of labour leading to an entrepreneurial and professional middle class and an industrial working class.
在已工业化的西欧与北欧， 社会经济变化造成了劳动分工， 形成了创业与专业的中产阶级， 以及工业工人阶级。
In less industrialised areas, the dominance of agricultural elites continued into the twentieth century.
在工业化程度较低的地区， 农业精英的主导地位 一直延续到二十世纪。
Class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in philanthropic, political and social associations.
阶级认同形成， 并通过参与慈善、政治与社会团体 得到强化。
Rural-to-urban migration produced urban overcrowding while the rural areas affected suffered population loss.
从乡村到城市的迁移 造成城市拥挤， 而受影响的乡村地区 则人口流失。
Bourgeois families focused on the nuclear family and the cult of domesticity, with distinct gender roles, and economic motives for marriage diminished as the middle-class notion of companionate marriage spread.
资产阶级家庭 以核心家庭与家庭崇拜为中心， 性别角色分明， 而随着中产阶级伴侣式婚姻观念的传播， 婚姻的经济动机减弱。
And here is the timing that carries the mark.
而这里就是承载分数的时间点。
By the century's end, higher wages, laws restricting the labour of children and women, social welfare programmes and improved diet raised living standards — by the end, after decades of hardship, not throughout.
到本世纪末， 更高的工资、 限制童工与女工的法律、 社会福利项目与改善的饮食 提高了生活水平， 是到末期， 在数十年的艰难之后， 而不是全程如此。
Leisure time centred increasingly on the family or small groups, with new activities and spaces built for it.
闲暇时间日益以家庭或小团体为中心， 并有为它建造的新活动与新空间。
That is a social effect of industrialisation as much as wages or overcrowding, and it is examinable because it shows how the new classes spent the time the factory clock had created. The factory clock made leisure a thing that could be spent, and the new classes spent it on purpose. That is the mark.
这与工资或拥挤一样 是工业化的社会后果， 它之所以可考， 是因为它说明新阶级 如何度过工厂时钟所创造的时间。
The Concert of Europe, or Congress System, sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and adherence to conservative principles.
欧洲协调， 也就是会议体系， 力图通过集体行动 与恪守保守原则 来维持现状。
And note that conservatism in this period is a genuine ideology, not merely resistance.
并且要注意， 这一时期的保守主义 是一种真正的意识形态， 不只是抵抗。
It held that society is an organic whole with a natural hierarchy, which cannot be redesigned by abstract reason without harm.
它主张社会是一个有机整体， 具有自然的等级， 不能由抽象理性重新设计 而不造成伤害。
Against it, revolutionaries in the first half of the century attempted to destroy the status quo.
与之对立的是， 本世纪上半叶的革命者 试图摧毁现状。
The revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political order, challenged conservative power across Europe — and largely failed, which is itself examinable.
由经济困难 与对政治秩序的不满所引发的 1848 年革命， 在欧洲各地挑战保守势力， 并且基本失败， 这本身就是考点。
Meanwhile in Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through reform and modernisation from above, including the emancipation of the serfs: reform used as an alternative to revolution rather than a concession to it.
与此同时在俄国， 专制统治者自上而下 推行改革与现代化， 包括农奴解放， 改革被用作革命的替代方案， 而不是对革命的让步。
The CED names five positions, and they are best learned as answers to one question: who should hold power, and what should the state do?
课程大纲点名了五种立场， 最好把它们当作 对同一个问题的回答来学： 谁应当掌握权力， 国家应当做什么？
Liberals emphasised popular sovereignty, individual rights and enlightened self-interest, but debated how far all groups should share political power.
自由主义者强调人民主权、 个人权利与开明的自利， 但对于所有群体 应在多大程度上分享政治权力 存在争论。
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth.
英国的激进派与欧陆的共和派 要求男性普选权， 以及不问财富的完整公民身份。
Socialists called for the redistribution of society's resources and wealth, evolving from utopian to Marxist scientific socialism, which provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of historical change.
社会主义者要求 重新分配社会的资源与财富， 从空想社会主义 发展为马克思的科学社会主义， 后者提供了对资本主义的系统批判 与对历史变迁的决定论分析。
And anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be replaced by voluntary cooperation.
而无政府主义者主张 一切形式的政府权威都无必要， 应当由自愿合作取而代之。
Then the century's key ideological change, and you should name it explicitly: liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies.
接着是本世纪关键的意识形态变化， 你应当明确说出它： 自由主义 从自由放任转向干预性的 经济与社会政策。
The ideology that began by wanting the state out ended by using it.
那个一开始要国家退出的意识形态， 最后靠国家来实现自己。
Reactions and revolutions followed.
随之而来的是反应与革命。
Political movements and social organisations responded to the problems of industrialisation, and the institutional side is equally examinable.
政治运动与社会组织 回应了工业化带来的问题， 而制度这一面同样是考点。
Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernising infrastructure, regulating public health and reforming prisons.
改革通过现代化基础设施、 管理公共卫生与改革监狱， 改变了不卫生且拥挤的城市。
And reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance public order, nationalism and economic growth.
而改革者推动义务公共教育， 以促进公共秩序、 民族主义与经济增长。
Give all three motives.
三个动机都要给出。
The CED lists them, and none of them is purely benevolent — that is precisely why naming all three shows you understand what reform was for.
课程大纲把它们都列了出来， 而其中没有一个是纯粹出于善意的， 这恰恰是为什么 说出全部三个 能表明你理解改革是为了什么。
Causation in the age of industrialization is the reasoning skill.
工业化时代的因果关系，是本单元的推理技能。
The unit's reasoning skill is causation.
本单元的推理技能是因果关系。
A typical short-answer here asks students to explain one way in which industrialisation contributed to the development of new political ideologies in the nineteenth century.
这里一道典型的简答题，要求学生解释 工业化如何促成了十九世纪新政治意识形态的发展。
A full-mark answer traces the link.
满分答案要顺着那条联系往下推。
Industrialisation created a large urban working class with common conditions and no political representation, which gave socialists a constituency and an argument: that the wealth produced by industry was distributed by ownership rather than by labour.
工业化造就了有共同处境、却没有政治代表的 庞大城市工人阶级， 这给了社会主义者一个群众基础和一套论点： 工业创造的财富按所有权分配，而不是按劳动分配。
Marx's scientific socialism turned that observation into a systematic critique of capitalism, and the concentration of workers in factories and cities made organising around it possible.
马克思的科学社会主义把这一观察 变成了对资本主义的系统批判， 而工人在工厂与城市中的集中 使围绕它组织起来成为可能。
Explain why the idea found an audience, not only that it existed.
要解释这个想法为什么找到了听众， 而不只是它存在过。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, Britain's advantages include a political one — industrial interests were represented in Parliament.
第一，英国的优势中 有一项是政治性的， 工业利益在议会中有代表。
Second, France industrialised gradually, with state support and less dislocation.
第二，法国的工业化是渐进的， 有国家支持，社会失序更少。
Third, learn the five ideologies as a set, distinguished by who holds power and what the state does.
第三，把五种意识形态作为一组来学， 按谁掌握权力 与国家该做什么来区分。
Fourth, liberalism's shift from laissez-faire to intervention is the century's key ideological change.
第四，自由主义 从自由放任转向干预， 是本世纪关键的意识形态变化。
Fifth, compulsory education had three motives, and living standards rose by the end of the century.
第五，义务教育有三个动机， 而生活水平是到本世纪末才提高的。