Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
AP European History Topic 7 8:32 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Contextualizing nineteenth-century perspectives covers about eighteen hundred and fifteen to nineteen hundred and fourteen.
为十九世纪的种种观念建立背景，时间大约是一八一五到一九一四年。
If you learn one thing from this unit, learn a reversal.
如果这一单元你只学一样东西， 那就学一次反转。
Before 1848, nationalism was mainly a revolutionary threat to the settlement of Vienna — a force that broke states apart.
1848 年之前， 民族主义主要是 对维也纳安排的革命性威胁， 是一股拆散国家的力量。
After 1848, it became a tool of state-building in conservative hands.
1848 年之后， 它成了保守派手中 建设国家的工具。
The same force, used by the opposite side.
同一股力量， 被相反的一方使用。
Almost every question in this unit sits somewhere on that turn.
本单元几乎每一道题 都落在这次转向的某个位置上。
Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways — romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, and racialism.
民族主义者以多种方式 鼓励人们对民族的忠诚， 浪漫主义理想、自由派改革、 政治统一，以及种族主义。
So nationalism has no single political colour and can be attached to very different programmes, which is exactly why the reversal was possible.
因此民族主义没有单一的政治色彩， 可以被嫁接到非常不同的纲领上， 这正是那次反转之所以可能的原因。
A new generation of conservative leaders, including Napoleon the Third, Cavour and Bismarck, used popular nationalism to create or strengthen states.
新一代保守派领袖， 包括拿破仑三世、加富尔与俾斯麦， 利用民众民族主义 来创建或强化国家。
Two further points are examinable.
还有两点是考点。
While western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated during the century, Zionism — a form of Jewish nationalism — developed in response to continued exclusion.
西欧犹太人 在本世纪里 在社会与政治上更加融入， 而作为犹太民族主义一种形式的犹太复国主义， 则是对持续排斥的回应而形成的。
And the creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognised the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to manage nationalism within a multi-ethnic empire rather than to suppress it.
而奥匈二元帝国的建立， 承认了最大少数族群的政治权力， 是在多族裔帝国内部 管理民族主义的尝试， 而不是压制它。
Start with the enabling condition, because most answers omit it.
先说使之可能的条件， 因为多数答案会漏掉它。
The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe — and that is what made unification possible, because the system designed to prevent territorial change no longer functioned.
克里米亚战争 暴露了奥斯曼帝国的虚弱， 并促成了欧洲协调的瓦解， 而这正是统一之所以可能的原因， 因为那个为阻止领土变动而设计的体系 已经不再运作。
Then the two cases, and note that the mechanisms differ.
然后是两个案例， 注意它们的机制不同。
Italy: Cavour's diplomatic strategies, combined with Garibaldi's popular military campaigns — diplomacy plus popular movement, and the CED names both.
意大利： 加富尔的外交策略， 结合加里波第的民众军事行动， 外交加上民众运动， 课程大纲把两者都点了名。
Germany: Bismarck used Realpolitik, employing diplomacy, industrialised warfare and weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms, to achieve unification under Prussia.
德国： 俾斯麦运用现实政治， 借助外交、工业化的战争与武器， 以及对民主机制的操纵， 在普鲁士主导下实现统一。
Different mechanisms, same outcome.
机制不同，结果相同。
Diplomats struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
在民族主义与革命的时代，外交家们艰难地维持国际稳定。
Then the diplomatic consequences, which run directly into Unit 8.
接着是外交上的后果， 它们直接通向第八单元。
After 1871 Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances aimed at isolating France.
1871 年之后， 俾斯麦试图通过 一套旨在孤立法国的复杂联盟体系 维持均势。
Bismarck's dismissal in 1890 eventually produced a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tension.
1890 年俾斯麦被解职， 最终形成了彼此敌对的联盟体系， 并加剧了国际紧张。
Notice what changed: the same instrument, alliances, first used to isolate one power and then hardened into two blocs facing each other.
注意变的是什么： 同一种工具，也就是联盟， 先是用来孤立某一个大国， 随后固化为两个彼此对峙的集团。
And nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises leading up to the First World War.
而巴尔干的民族主义紧张 把列强卷入 通往第一次世界大战的一连串危机。
The age of progress and modernity begins here.
进步与现代性的时代从这里开始。
Charles Darwin provided a scientific and material account of biological change and of the development of human beings as a species.
达尔文提供了 对生物变化 以及人类作为一个物种发展的 科学与物质性的说明。
His theory was then applied well beyond biology.
他的理论随后被应用到生物学之外。
Social Darwinism took the language of competition and selection and used it to justify racial, national and class hierarchies — and, in the next topic, imperial expansion.
社会达尔文主义 借用竞争与选择的语言， 用它来为种族、民族与阶级等级辩护， 并在下一个主题中 为帝国扩张辩护。
Keep the distinction sharp in an essay.
在作文里要把这一区分保持清楚。
Darwin's biology and Social Darwinism are not the same claim, and the second does not follow from the first.
达尔文的生物学 与社会达尔文主义 不是同一个主张， 后者也不是从前者推出来的。
It is a use of the first, made by people who wanted a scientific-sounding warrant for a political position.
它是对前者的一种使用， 由那些想要 为某个政治立场 找一份听起来像科学的凭据的人所作。
Imperialism's global effects came from a variety of motives and methods, which produced European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers.
帝国主义的全球影响来自多种动机与手段， 它带来了欧洲对全球的控制，也加剧了列强之间的紧张。
European nations were driven by economic, political and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.
欧洲国家 在亚洲与非洲的新帝国事业中， 受经济、政治与文化动机的驱动。
The CED then gives the enabling technologies separately, and there are exactly three.
课程大纲随后 把使之可能的技术单独列出， 恰好有三项。
Advanced weaponry ensured European military advantage over colonised areas.
先进武器 确保了欧洲对被殖民地区的军事优势。
Communication and transportation technologies made empires possible to create and to administer.
通信与运输技术 使帝国得以建立并加以管理。
And advances in medicine enabled European survival in Africa and Asia — the one students forget, and often the decisive factor.
而医学的进步 使欧洲人在非洲与亚洲得以生存， 这是学生最容易忘记的一项， 而且往往是决定性的。
Then the effects, and both directions matter.
然后是影响， 两个方向都重要。
Imperial endeavours significantly affected society, diplomacy and culture in Europe, and created resistance to foreign control abroad.
帝国事业 显著影响了欧洲的社会、外交与文化， 也在海外造就了对外来控制的抵抗。
In Europe, empire fed nationalism, shaped popular culture, and turned colonial disputes into Great Power crises.
在欧洲， 帝国助长了民族主义， 塑造了流行文化， 并把殖民争端 变成列强之间的危机。
Abroad, it produced organised resistance.
在海外， 它引发了有组织的抵抗。
An answer that treats imperialism as something Europe did to other places, with no return effect and no response, is incomplete on both counts.
把帝国主义当作 欧洲对别处所做的事、 既无回流影响也无回应的答案， 在两方面都不完整。
The unit's cultural thread is a tension: European ideas and culture expressed a pull between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other.
本单元的文化线索是一种张力： 欧洲的思想与文化 表达出一边是客观性与科学现实主义、 另一边是主观性与个人表达之间的拉扯。
That is why Romanticism, realism, positivism and modern art all belong in the same unit rather than in a separate art history.
这正是浪漫主义、现实主义、 实证主义与现代艺术 都属于同一个单元 而不是被放进另一部艺术史的原因。
Positivism — the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge — is the confident pole.
实证主义， 也就是认为只有科学提供知识的哲学， 是自信的那一端。
Then in the later nineteenth century, a new relativism in values and a loss of confidence in the objectivity of knowledge led to modernism.
随后在十九世纪后期， 价值上的新相对主义 与对知识客观性的信心丧失 导致了现代主义。
The same culture produced both the belief that science would explain everything and the suspicion that objectivity itself was an illusion.
同一种文化 既产生了科学将解释一切的信念， 也产生了客观性本身是幻觉的怀疑。
And the art tracks it exactly.
而艺术准确地追踪着这一切。
Romanticism broke with Neoclassical forms and with rationalism, emphasising intuition, emotion, nature, individuality and the supernatural.
浪漫主义与新古典形式 以及与理性主义决裂， 强调直觉、情感、自然、 个体性与超自然。
Realist and materialist themes depicted the lives of ordinary people.
现实主义与唯物主义的题材 描绘普通人的生活。
And modern art — Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism — moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract and expressive.
而现代艺术， 印象派、后印象派与立体主义， 越过再现， 走向主观、抽象与表现。
Romantic writers expressed the same themes as Romantic painters, while responding to two revolutions at once.
浪漫主义作家表达的主题 与浪漫主义画家相同， 同时回应两场革命。
One was industrial: the factory, the city, and the machine.
一场是工业的：工厂、城市与机器。
The other was political: the French Revolution and the wars that followed.
另一场是政治的：法国大革命 以及随后的战争。
Against both they set nature, feeling, the individual, and the supernatural.
对着这两者，他们举起自然、情感、 个体与超自然。
Romanticism is not a mood.
浪漫主义不是一种心情。
It is a reply to industry and to political revolution, written in intuition and emotion.
它是对工业与政治革命的回答， 用直觉与情感写成。
The reasoning skill for this unit is causation.
本单元的推理技能是因果关系。
A real exam question asks you to explain one way nationalism contributed to the unification of Germany or Italy.
一道真题会要求你说明 民族主义以何种方式促成了德国或意大利的统一。
A full-mark answer names the mechanism, not the feeling.
拿满分的答案说出的是机制，而不是情绪。
Bismarck used popular nationalist feeling as an instrument of Prussian state-building.
俾斯麦把民众的民族感情 当作普鲁士建国的工具。
By presenting wars against Denmark, Austria, and France as national causes, he made the smaller German states politically unable to resist unification under Prussia.
他把对丹麦、奥地利与法国的战争 说成民族事业， 使较小的德意志邦国在政治上 无法抗拒在普鲁士主导下统一。
Nationalism is shown doing something, not merely existing.
民族主义被写成在做事， 而不仅仅是存在着。
Italy is the twin case: Cavour's diplomacy plus Garibaldi's campaigns made unification a national cause.
意大利是成对的另一例： 加富尔的外交加上加里波第的战役， 使统一成为旧王国无法忽视的民族事业。
Same skill: show the force at work.
同一项技能：把那股力量写成在做事。
The reasoning skill for nineteenth-century developments is causation.
分析十九世纪各种发展时，推理技能是因果关系。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, the reversal is the unit: before 1848 nationalism threatens the order; after 1848 conservatives use it to build states.
第一，那次反转就是本单元： 1848 年前民族主义威胁秩序， 1848 年后保守派用它来建国。
Second, the breakdown of the Concert of Europe after Crimea is the enabling condition for unification.
第二，克里米亚之后欧洲协调的瓦解 是统一之所以可能的条件。
Third, Italy needed both Cavour and Garibaldi; Germany needed Realpolitik.
第三，意大利需要加富尔与加里波第两者， 德国需要现实政治。
Fourth, give three enabling technologies of imperialism, including medicine.
第四，说出帝国主义的三项技术条件， 包括医学。
Fifth, keep Darwin and Social Darwinism apart, and remember imperialism acted on Europe too.
第五，把达尔文与社会达尔文主义分开， 并记住帝国主义 也作用于欧洲自身。