Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
AP European History Topic 4 7:54 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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One sentence contains this entire unit, and it is worth learning in the CED's own words.
有一句话包含了整个单元， 而且值得按课程大纲原文来记。
The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices, and the Enlightenment's application of those concepts and practices to political, social and ethical issues, fostered debate about the role of the individual in relation to the state and society.
科学革命的概念与实践的传播， 以及启蒙运动 把这些概念与实践 应用于政治、社会与伦理问题， 引发了关于个人 相对于国家与社会所处角色的争论。
Unpack that and you have the whole unit.
把这句话拆开， 你就得到了整个单元。
A method developed for studying nature was turned on human institutions, and the result was a set of arguments about what a government owes the people it rules.
一套为研究自然而发展出来的方法 被用到了人类制度上， 结果是一组关于 政府对其所统治的人民负有什么义务的 论证。
Running alongside that sentence, everyday experience was shaped by demographic, environmental, medical and technological changes.
与那句话并行的是， 日常生活被人口、环境、医疗与技术变化所塑造。
That is why this unit pairs high intellectual history with population statistics and consumer goods.
这就是为什么本单元 把高深的思想史 与人口统计和消费品放在一起。
The ideas and the numbers belong in the same answer.
观念与数字属于同一个答案。
New ideas and methods in astronomy led Copernicus, Galileo and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and develop a heliocentric view of the cosmos.
天文学上的新观念与新方法 使哥白尼、伽利略与牛顿 质疑古人的权威， 并提出日心的宇宙观。
Alongside astronomy: anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians including William Harvey presented the body as an integrated system, challenging inherited medical theory; and Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation and the use of mathematics.
与天文学并行的是： 包括哈维在内的医生 在解剖与医学上的发现 把身体呈现为一个整体系统， 挑战了继承下来的医学理论； 而培根与笛卡尔 界定了归纳与演绎推理， 并推崇实验与数学的运用。
Then the CED adds a point students find surprising and examiners like.
随后课程大纲补充了一点， 学生觉得意外，而阅卷者喜欢。
Alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to elites and to some natural philosophers, partly because they shared with the new science the assumption that the natural world is governed by discoverable rules.
炼金术与占星术 仍然对精英与一些自然哲学家有吸引力， 部分原因是它们与新科学共享一个假设， 即自然世界受可被发现的规则支配。
The Scientific Revolution was not a clean break, and saying so demonstrates real understanding of continuity.
科学革命不是一次干净的断裂， 说出这一点 能表明你真正理解了延续。
Enlightenment thought focused on empiricism, scepticism, human reason, rationalism, and classical sources of knowledge.
启蒙思想聚焦于经验主义、怀疑主义、 人类理性、理性主义 与古典的知识来源。
Its outputs group into four kinds, and four labelled kinds beat a list of names every time.
它的产出归为四类， 而四个有标签的类别 每次都胜过一串人名。
Political: Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on natural rights and the social contract, with Locke conceiving society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and the state's role as protecting their rights.
政治方面： 洛克与卢梭 基于天赋权利与社会契约 发展出新的政治模型， 洛克把社会设想为 由受自利驱动的个人组成， 国家的职能是保护他们的权利。
Economic: mercantilist theory and practice were challenged by new ideas, including Adam Smith's, which espoused free trade and a limited role for the state.
经济方面： 重商主义的理论与实践 受到新观念的挑战， 包括亚当·斯密的观点， 他主张自由贸易 与国家在经济中扮演有限角色。
Religious: intellectuals including Voltaire and Diderot developed deism, scepticism and atheism, and religion came to be seen increasingly as a private rather than a public concern.
宗教方面： 包括伏尔泰与狄德罗在内的知识分子 发展出自然神论、怀疑主义与无神论， 宗教日益被视为私人事务 而非公共事务。
Social: institutions, notably salons, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture.
社会方面： 各种机构，尤其是沙龙， 探索并传播启蒙文化。
And one limit is examinable and should never be omitted.
而有一个限度是考点， 绝不应被省略。
Despite the principles of equality the Enlightenment espoused, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered controversial arguments about the proper role of women in society.
尽管启蒙运动主张平等的原则， 像卢梭这样的知识分子 仍就女性在社会中的恰当角色 提出了有争议的主张。
An answer that presents the Enlightenment as uniformly egalitarian is not the answer the CED wants.
把启蒙运动 呈现为一律平等主义的答案， 不是课程大纲想要的答案。
Running alongside the ideas: demographic, environmental, medical, and technological changes shaped everyday experience.
与这些观念并行的，是塑造日常生活的人口、环境、医疗与技术变化。
The demographic story has a clear before and after, and this unit pairs high intellectual history with population statistics precisely so you can use both.
人口的故事有清楚的前后之分， 本单元把高深的思想史 与人口统计放在一起， 正是为了让你两者都能用上。
In the seventeenth century, small landholdings, low-productivity agriculture, poor transportation and adverse weather limited population growth and caused periodic subsistence crises.
在十七世纪， 细小的地块、低生产率的农业、 糟糕的交通与不利的天气 限制了人口增长， 并造成周期性的生计危机。
Although the rate of illegitimate births rose in the eighteenth century, growth was still limited by the European marriage pattern — late marriage, and a significant proportion never marrying.
尽管十八世纪非婚生育率上升， 增长仍受欧洲婚姻模式的限制， 也就是晚婚， 以及相当比例的人终身不婚。
Then as infant and child mortality decreased and commercial wealth increased, families dedicated more space and resources to children and their education.
随后，随着婴幼儿死亡率下降 与商业财富增加， 家庭把更多空间与资源 投入到孩子及其教育上。
And cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted migration from rural areas, transforming urban life and creating new social problems.
而城市提供了经济机会， 吸引了来自乡村的迁移， 改变了城市生活， 并制造出新的社会问题。
Now the mechanism, which is the piece you use to explain rather than describe.
现在讲机制， 这是你用来解释而非描述的那一块。
Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and produced a public sphere in which opinion could form outside the state.
尽管有审查， 数量与种类都不断增加的印刷品 服务于日益扩大的识字公众， 并造就了一个公共领域， 舆论得以在国家之外形成。
That is how ideas became political — print, literacy and salons are the channel.
这就是思想变成政治的方式， 印刷、识字与沙龙是渠道。
Alongside it: natural sciences, literature and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe; the arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good, a shift in subject that tracks the shift in authority; and the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century was shaped by a new concern for privacy and encouraged the purchase of new goods for the home.
与之并行的是： 自然科学、文学与流行文化 日益让欧洲人接触到 对欧洲以外人群的再现； 艺术从颂扬宗教题材与王权， 转向强调私人生活与公共福祉， 题材的转变 追踪着权威的转变； 而十八世纪的消费革命 由一种新的隐私关切所塑造， 并促使人们为家庭购买新的物品。
Enlightened and other approaches to power come next.
接下来是开明的以及其他处理权力的方式。
Rulers experimented with enlightened absolutism — Enlightenment-inspired reforms in law, education and administration, while retaining absolute authority.
君主们试验开明专制——在法律、教育和行政上推行受启蒙思想启发的改革， 同时保留绝对权威。
By 1800 most governments in western and central Europe had extended toleration to Christian minorities.
到一八〇〇年，西欧和中欧多数政府已经对基督教少数派扩大了宽容。
And as the Holy Roman Empire's sovereignty was limited at Westphalia, Prussia rose to power while the Habsburgs turned east.
而随着神圣罗马帝国的主权在威斯特伐利亚受到限制， 普鲁士崛起，哈布斯堡家族转向东方。
One more idea to hold precisely, because students often reject it as incoherent.
还有一个观念要准确把握， 因为学生常把它当作自相矛盾而否定。
Enlightened absolutism is a tension, not a contradiction.
开明专制是一种张力， 不是一个矛盾。
A ruler could adopt Enlightenment reforms — legal codification, religious toleration, educational provision, agricultural improvement — without surrendering any authority, because those reforms made the state more efficient and the population more governable.
一位统治者可以采纳启蒙式的改革， 法典编纂、宗教宽容、 兴办教育、改良农业， 而不必让渡任何权威， 因为这些改革 让国家更有效率， 让人口更易治理。
And when you write about any of this, use the public sphere to explain rather than to describe: print and literacy are why an idea in a book became a demand in a street.
而当你写到这些内容时， 要用公共领域去解释， 而不是去描述： 印刷与识字 正是书中的观念 变成街头诉求的原因。
The unit's reasoning skill is causation: how these movements challenged the existing European worldview.
本单元的推理技能是因果关系： 这些运动如何挑战了既有的欧洲世界观。
A short-answer prompt asks you to explain one way in which Enlightenment thought challenged existing political authority in the eighteenth century.
一道简答题请你解释 启蒙思想在十八世纪 挑战既有政治权威的一种方式。
A scoring answer names Locke's theory of natural rights and the social contract: government exists to protect the rights of individuals and derives its authority from their consent.
得分答案点出洛克的天赋权利与社会契约理论： 政府存在是为了保护个人权利， 其权威来自他们的同意。
That makes obedience conditional on the ruler's performance rather than unconditional, and so it undermines the claim that a monarch's authority came from God.
这使服从以统治者的表现为条件，而不是无条件的， 于是削弱了君主权威来自上帝的主张。
One last thing: causation in the age of the Enlightenment is the reasoning skill, applied to how these movements challenged the existing European worldview.
最后一点：启蒙时代的因果关系是本单元的推理技能， 用来分析这些运动如何挑战了既有的欧洲世界观。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, learn the CED's own sentence: the Enlightenment applied Scientific Revolution methods to political, social and ethical issues.
第一，记住课程大纲原文那句话： 启蒙运动把科学革命的方法 应用于政治、社会与伦理问题。
Second, the Scientific Revolution was not a clean break — alchemy and astrology persisted.
第二，科学革命不是干净的断裂， 炼金术与占星术仍然存在。
Third, group Enlightenment outputs as political, economic, religious and social.
第三，把启蒙的产出分为 政治、经济、宗教与社会四类。
Fourth, always note the limits on equality, especially regarding women.
第四，永远要指出平等的限度， 尤其是在女性方面。
Fifth, the public sphere is the mechanism — use it to explain.
第五，公共领域是机制， 要用它来解释。