Enlightenment Thought
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| salons/ˈsælɒnz/ | Social gatherings, often hosted in private homes, where participants exchange intellectual or cultural ideas. |
| deism/ˈdeɪzəm/ | Belief in a creator understood through reason and observation rather than religious revelation. |
A method turned on the human world
- Enlightenment thought, which focused on concepts such as empiricism, scepticism, human reason, rationalism and classical sources of knowledge, challenged the prevailing patterns of thought with respect to social order, institutions of government, and the role of faith.
- Five concepts and three targets, all in one sentence.
- Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions.
Select all the concepts the CED says Enlightenment thought focused on.
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Divine right is what the political theories replaced.
New political models
- Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on the concept of natural rights and the social contract.
- Political theories, including John Locke's, conceived of society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and argued that the state originated in the consent of the governed rather than in divine right or tradition.
- So the target is precisely 1.5's and 3.7's justification for rule — the CED names divine right as what is being replaced.
Political, economic, religious and social questions could overlap
Locke argued the state originated in...
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Rather than in divine right or tradition — the CED names both.
Equality had a stated limit
- Despite the principles of equality espoused by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered controversial arguments for the exclusion of women from political life.
- The CED states this as part of the Enlightenment, not as an external criticism of it.
- So the exclusion is evidence for 4.1's not unchallenged, and it comes from inside the movement.
A target, a new model, or a limit stated by the CED?
Sort each element of Enlightenment thought.
The CED presents the exclusion of women as an outside criticism of the Enlightenment.
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It states it as part of the movement — evidence for 4.1's not unchallenged.
The exclusion of women is stated as part of the Enlightenment, not as an outside criticism of it. The CED writes that despite the principles of equality, intellectuals such as Rousseau argued for it — which makes it evidence from inside the movement for 4.1's not unchallenged.
Adam Smith's new economic ideas challenged ____ theory and practice.
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The doctrine that gave the state a role in commerce in 1.6.
And a new economics
- Mercantilist theory and practice were challenged by new economic ideas, including Adam Smith's, which espoused free trade and a free market.
- So 1.6's mercantilism — the doctrine that gave the state a role in commerce — is now itself a target.
- The same method that unseated Galen and divine right is turned on economic policy.
Select all the religious developments the CED names.
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Religion was increasingly viewed as private rather than public.
Where the ideas circulated
- A variety of institutions, including salons 沙龙, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture.
- Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism 自然神论, scepticism and atheism, and religion was viewed increasingly as a matter of private rather than public concern.
- That last shift is a direct consequence of unit 2: a century of religious war made privatising belief look like a solution.
A theory that grounds the state in the consent of the governed has to say who counts as governed. Locke's individuals driven by self-interest, Rousseau's citizens, and the exclusions each writes in are all answers to that question — and the CED puts the answers and the exclusions in the same subtopic.
Enlightenment thought focused on empiricism, scepticism, human reason, rationalism and classical sources, challenging prevailing patterns of thought about social order, government and faith. Locke and Rousseau built models on natural rights and the social contract, replacing divine right. Rousseau argued for excluding women from political life. Adam Smith challenged mercantilism. Salons disseminated the culture, and religion was viewed increasingly as private.