Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism
AP European History Topic 3 7:20 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
Contextualizing state building starts with one phrase: the struggle for sovereignty kept producing varying degrees of political centralisation.
为国家建构建立背景，先从一句话开始： 对主权的争夺不断造就不同程度的政治集权。
Everything in this unit follows from one change.
本单元的一切 都源自一个变化。
After Westphalia, the competition happens between states that recognise each other as sovereign, which is a different game from the one played in Units 1 and 2.
威斯特伐利亚之后， 竞争发生在 彼此承认对方主权的国家之间， 这与第一、第二单元的游戏不同。
The state must now raise revenue, field armies, and manage an economy — in permanent competition with rivals doing exactly the same.
国家现在必须筹措财政收入、 组建军队、管理经济， 而且处在与同样在做这些事的对手的 长期竞争之中。
Absolutism and constitutionalism are two answers to that single problem, which is why the unit compares them rather than ranking them.
绝对主义与宪政主义 是对这同一个问题的两种回答， 这正是本单元 比较它们而不是给它们排名的原因。
The English Civil War was a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure.
英国内战是君主、议会 与其他精英之间 关于各自在政治结构中角色的冲突。
Not a conflict between the crown and the people.
不是王权与人民之间的冲突。
Its outcome, together with the Glorious Revolution, protected the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from absolutism by asserting the rights of Parliament.
它的结果， 连同光荣革命， 通过伸张议会的权利 保护了乡绅与贵族 免受绝对主义的侵夺。
Read that carefully, because it is easy to overstate.
要仔细读这句话， 因为它很容易被夸大。
The settlement protected the rights of a propertied elite against royal power.
这一安排保护的是 有产精英对抗王权的权利。
It did not create popular government, and an answer that treats 1688 as democratic has misread the CED.
它并没有创造大众政府， 而把 1688 年当作民主的答案 误读了课程大纲。
Continuities and changes to economic practice come next.
接下来是经济活动的延续与变化。
Early modern Europe developed a market economy that provided the foundation for its global role, and the CED lists the components.
近代早期欧洲 发展出一种市场经济， 为其全球角色奠定了基础， 课程大纲列出了它的组成部分。
The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity and increased the supply of food.
农业革命提高了生产率， 增加了粮食供给。
The importation and transplantation of American crops added to it.
美洲作物的引进与移植 又进一步增加了供给。
Labour and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by governments and by corporate bodies such as guilds.
劳动力与商品贸易 日益摆脱政府 与行会等团体施加的传统限制。
The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as more labourers produced for market in homes and workshops.
家庭手工业， 也就是外包制， 随着更多劳动者 在家中与作坊里为市场生产而扩展。
And the market economy produced new financial practices and institutions.
而市场经济 产生了新的金融实践与制度。
Now here is the chain worth holding: more food supports more people; freed labour and cottage industry let those people produce for market; and new finance moves the resulting capital.
现在是值得牢记的那条链： 更多的粮食养活更多的人； 被解放的劳动力与家庭手工业 让这些人为市场生产； 而新的金融 让由此形成的资本流动起来。
Name several links, not one.
要说出几个环节，而不是一个。
And note the direction of causation the CED asserts about mercantilism and the global network — the European-dominated worldwide economic network is what fed the agricultural, industrial and consumer revolutions, so answers confined to Europe's internal development are incomplete.
并注意课程大纲 关于重商主义与全球网络 所主张的因果方向： 由欧洲主导的全球经济网络 正是滋养农业、工业 与消费革命的东西， 所以只谈欧洲内部发展的答案 是不完整的。
The Dutch Golden Age is the third model.
荷兰黄金时代是第三种模式。
Keep a third model ready, because it breaks the simple two-way comparison and shows an examiner you know the period.
要准备好第三个模型， 因为它打破了简单的两方比较， 并向阅卷者表明你了解这个时期。
The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and religious toleration.
荷兰共和国， 由反抗哈布斯堡君主制的新教起义所建立， 发展出一个由城市士绅 与乡村地主组成的寡头体制， 以促进贸易与宗教宽容。
The Dutch case matters because it is neither absolutism nor English constitutionalism — a third model, commercially dominant, which shows that political form and economic success were not tied together in a single formula.
荷兰的案例之所以重要， 是因为它既不是绝对主义， 也不是英国式宪政主义， 而是第三种模型， 在商业上占据主导， 这说明政治形式与经济成功 并不被绑定在同一个公式里。
Balance of power, next.
接下来是势力均衡。
The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare.
竞争性国家体系 带来了新的外交模式与新的战争形式。
After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with expanding colonial empires, drove European diplomacy.
1648 年之后， 王朝与国家利益， 连同不断扩张的殖民帝国， 推动着欧洲外交。
Two specifics are examinable.
有两点具体内容是考点。
Advances in military technology produced new forms of warfare — greater reliance on infantry, firearms and mobile cannon, and larger standing armies that only a centralising state could pay for.
军事技术的进步 产生了新的战争形式， 更多依赖步兵、火器与机动火炮， 以及只有走向集权的国家 才付得起的更大规模常备军。
And the inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate authority over its nobility led to Poland's partition by Prussia, Russia and Austria.
而波兰君主制 无法确立对贵族的权威， 导致波兰被普鲁士、俄国 与奥地利瓜分。
That is the clearest demonstration in the whole course that failing to centralise had a price, and it is the counter-example the other cases need.
这是整门课程中 最清楚地表明 未能集权是有代价的例子， 也是其他案例所需要的反例。
Absolutist approaches to power, and Louis XIV is the case to know.
君主专制处理权力的方式，而路易十四是要掌握的案例。
Now the single most useful sentence in the unit.
现在是本单元最有用的一句话。
Absolute monarchies limited the nobility's participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy's social position and legal privileges.
绝对君主制 限制了贵族对治理的参与， 却保留了贵族的社会地位 与法律特权。
Absolutism bought political obedience by leaving social hierarchy untouched.
绝对主义通过不触动社会等级 买到了政治上的顺从。
That trade answers a great many questions, because it explains why the nobility accepted it.
这一交换能回答很多题目， 因为它解释了贵族为何接受它。
The CED's named cases: Louis the Fourteenth and his finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert extended administrative, financial, military and religious control over the French state; and Peter the Great westernised the Russian state and society, transforming political, religious and cultural institutions, with Catherine the Great continuing that programme.
课程大纲点名的案例是： 路易十四与他的财政大臣柯尔贝尔 把行政、财政、军事与宗教控制 扩展到整个法国国家； 而彼得大帝 使俄国的国家与社会"西化"， 改造政治、宗教与文化制度， 叶卡捷琳娜大帝延续了这一纲领。
Comparison in the age of absolutism is the reasoning skill.
专制时代的比较，是本单元的推理技能。
The unit's reasoning skill is comparison, and the CED's own task is to compare the different forms of political power that developed from 1648 to 1815.
本单元的推理技能是比较， 课程大纲自己的任务 是比较 1648 至 1815 年间 出现的不同政治权力形式。
So here is the method.
所以方法如下。
Choose one axis of comparison, then measure both cases on it.
选定一条比较的轴线， 然后在这条轴线上衡量两个案例。
They differed in where sovereignty was located.
它们的差别在于主权位于何处。
In absolutist France, Louis the Fourteenth concentrated administrative, financial and military authority in the crown and excluded the nobility from governance.
在绝对主义的法国， 路易十四把行政、财政与军事权威 集中于王权， 并把贵族排除在治理之外。
In constitutionalist England, the outcome of the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution located sovereignty in the crown together with Parliament, so that taxation and law required the consent of the propertied elite represented there.
在宪政主义的英国， 内战与光荣革命的结果 把主权置于国王与议会共同之中， 因此征税与立法 需要在议会中被代表的有产精英同意。
One axis, each case measured on it.
一条轴线， 两个案例都在其上被衡量。
Two separate descriptions are not a comparison.
两段各自独立的描述 不是比较。
Let's take a real short-answer.
来看一道真实的简答题。
Explain one difference between absolutist and constitutionalist forms of government in the period sixteen forty-eight to eighteen fifteen.
说明一六四八到一八一五年间 专制政体与宪政政体的一个差异。 先暂停，自己试一试。
Pause here and try it. A full-mark answer states the difference in terms that apply to both.
满分答案要用同时适用于双方的措辞说出差异。
They differed in where sovereignty was located.
它们的差别在于主权位于何处。
In absolutist France, Louis the Fourteenth concentrated authority in the crown.
在绝对主义的法国，路易十四把权威集中于王权。
In constitutionalist England, the Civil War and the Glorious Revolution located sovereignty in the crown together with Parliament.
在宪政主义的英国，内战与光荣革命把主权置于国王与议会共同之中。
Name the axis first, then put France on one side and England on the other.
先点出轴线，再把法国放在一侧、英国放在另一侧。
Two separate descriptions are not a comparison. That is the whole method.
两段各自独立的描述不是比较。
Five things to carry out.
带走五件事。
First, the English Civil War was a conflict among elites — do not turn 1688 into democracy.
第一，英国内战是精英之间的冲突， 不要把 1688 年变成民主。
Second, absolutism limited political participation but preserved social privilege.
第二，绝对主义限制政治参与， 却保留社会特权。
Third, keep the Dutch Republic as a third model.
第三，把荷兰共和国 作为第三个模型备好。
Fourth, Poland's partition is the cost of failing to centralise.
第四，波兰被瓜分 是未能集权的代价。
Fifth, for a comparison, choose one axis and measure both cases on it.
第五，做比较时 选一条轴线， 在其上衡量两个案例。