Information and Ideas · 信息与观点
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| inference/ˈɪnfərəns/ | 推断 | tuī duàn |
| evidence/ˈevɪdəns/ | 证据 | zhèng jù |
A decision before an answer
- A headline claims that a new park cooled the whole city. The study measured just one street. What can it support?
- Your goal: Identify central ideas and supporting details.
答案前的判断
- 一则标题声称一个新公园使整座城市降温。该研究仅测量了一条街道。它能支持什么结论？
- 你的目标：识别中心思想和支撑细节。
Read the relationship
- A central idea includes the author’s main point, not just a vivid detail. Summarise each sentence before choosing.
- Make inferences warranted by the text.
阅读关系
- 中心思想包括作者的主要观点，而不仅仅是生动的细节。在选择之前，请先总结每一句话。
- 做出由文本支持的合理推断。
Only one street was measured. Which conclusion is warranted?
Limit the conclusion to the measured place and time.
Use the defining rule
- An inference joins stated information without adding a new cause. Check every word of an answer against the passage.
- Select textual evidence and interpret quantitative evidence.
运用定义规则
- 推断是在陈述信息的基础上进行的，不添加新的原因。将答案中的每个词与文章进行核对。
- 选择文本证据并解释定量证据。
Shaded sites: 28, 30°C; unshaded: 32, 34°C. Difference between group means?
Means are 29 and 33; subtract them to obtain 4°C.
Check the conditions
- For evidence questions, identify the claim first. A result can be real but irrelevant to that claim.
- Select textual evidence and interpret quantitative evidence.
A study measured two streets at noon. The shaded street was 29°C; the unshaded street was 33°C. This supports a difference of 4°C at those sites and time. It cannot establish city-wide cooling or causation because the streets may differ in other ways.
检查条件
- 对于证据类问题，首先确定主张。一个结果可能是真实的，但与该主张无关。
- 选择文本证据并解释定量证据。
一项研究在中午测量了两条街道。有遮荫的街道温度为29°C；无遮荫的街道温度为33°C。这支持在这些地点和时间存在4°C的差异。它不能证明整座城市降温或因果关系，因为这些街道可能在其他方面存在差异。
A conclusion drawn from stated information is an ____.
An inference must have support in the passage.
Apply the task format
- For a table or graph, read labels, units and groups before values. Compare the requested groups; never infer a trend outside the data.
- Select textual evidence and interpret quantitative evidence.
An answer that sounds scientifically plausible may add information absent from the passage.
应用题目格式
- 对于表格或图表，在读取数值前先阅读标签、单位和分组。比较所需的分组；切勿推断超出数据范围的趋势。
- 选择文本证据并解释定量证据。
一个听起来科学合理的回答可能会添加文章中不存在的信息。
Which answer fits this case?
Identify central ideas and supporting details
An observed association alone proves a cause.
Other differences can explain an association.
Keep the distinctions
- inference 推断 — A conclusion supported by stated information.
- evidence 证据 — Information relevant to a particular claim.
- Identify central ideas and supporting details.
- Make inferences warranted by the text.
- Select textual evidence and interpret quantitative evidence.
保持区别
- inference 推断 — 由已陈述的信息所支持的结论。
- evidence 证据 — 与特定主张相关的信息。
- 识别中心思想和支持性细节。
- 做出由文本支持的合理推断。
- 选择文本证据并解释定量证据。
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.