The Global Economy Since 1900 · 1900 年以来的全球经济
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalisation | 经济自由化 | jīng jì zì yóu huà |
| In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies | 知识经济 | zhī shí jīng jì |
A turn toward free markets
- In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalisation 经济自由化 in the late 20th century.
- The CED's examples: the United States under Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, China under Deng Xiaoping, Chile under Augusto Pinochet.
- Four very different political systems adopting a comparable economic direction — which is why the CED calls it a trend.
转向自由市场
- 在冷战结束所加速的一种趋势中,许多政府在二十世纪后期鼓励自由市场经济政策,并推动经济自由化(economic liberalisation)。
- CED 的例子:罗纳德·里根治下的美国、玛格丽特·撒切尔治下的英国、邓小平治下的中国、奥古斯托·皮诺切特治下的智利。
- 四种非常不同的政治体制采取了可比的经济方向——这正是 CED 称之为一种趋势的原因。
Select all · 所有 the liberalising governments the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有推行自由化的政府。
Chile under Pinochet completes the four; Stalin belongs to 7.4. · 皮诺切特治下的智利补全这四项;斯大林属于 7.4。
Two kinds of economy separated
- In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies 知识经济 in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.
- Knowledge economies: Finland, Japan, the U.S. Production and manufacturing: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, Honduras.
- This is a relocation, not a disappearance — the same distinction 5.4 drew about manufacturing shares.
两类经济分了开来
- 知识经济(knowledge economies)的成长,而工业生产与制造业则日益落在亚洲与拉丁美洲。
- 知识经济:芬兰、日本、美国。生产与制造:越南、孟加拉国、墨西哥、洪都拉斯。
- 这是一次迁移,不是消失——与 5.4 关于制造业份额所作的区分相同。
Manufacturing disappeared from the world economy in the late 20th century. · 二十世纪后期,制造业从世界经济中消失了。
It was increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America — a relocation. · 它日益落在亚洲与拉丁美洲——这是一次迁移。
Institutions carried the principles
- Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world.
- Institutions and agreements: the WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN.
- Multinational corporations: Nestlé, Nissan, Mahindra and Mahindra — the CED's list is deliberately not all Western.
制度承载了这些原则
- 变化中的经济制度、跨国公司与区域贸易协定,反映了与自由市场经济相关的原则与实践在全世界的扩散。
- 制度与协定:世界贸易组织、北美自由贸易协定、东盟。
- 跨国公司:雀巢、日产、马恒达——CED 的这份清单有意不全是西方的。
Follow the global economy since 1900 · 追踪 1900 年以来的全球经济
Free-market policy, communications technology and new institutions act together rather than in sequence. · 自由市场政策、通信技术与新机构是共同作用,而不是依次发生。
Select all · 所有 the institutions and agreements the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有制度与协定。
The Warsaw Pact is a Cold War military alliance from 8.3. · 华沙条约组织是 8.3 中的冷战军事联盟。
Manufacturing moved; it did not disappear. The CED says knowledge economies grew in some regions while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America — the same relocation-not-vanishing distinction 5.4 drew about manufacturing shares.
制造业迁移了;它并没有消失。CED 说知识经济在某些地区成长,而工业生产与制造业日益落在亚洲与拉丁美洲——这与 5.4 关于制造业份额所作的"迁移而非消失"区分相同。
Four different political systems adopting a comparable economic direction is why the CED calls it a ____. · 四种不同的政治体制采取了可比的经济方向,这正是 CED 称之为一种 ____ 的原因。
Name the direction, then the local content. · 先点出方向,再点出在地内容。
Continuity as well as change
- The objective asks for continuities and changes in the global economy from 1900 to present.
- Change: liberalisation, knowledge economies, relocated manufacturing, new institutions.
- Continuity: raw materials still move from some regions to others, and states still guide their economies — 8.6's development role did not vanish.
既有变化也有延续
- 这一目标要求1900 年至今全球经济的延续与变化。
- 变化:自由化、知识经济、迁移的制造业、新的制度。
- 延续:原材料仍然从某些地区流向另一些地区,而国家仍然在指导自己的经济——8.6 中的发展角色并未消失。
Select all · 所有 the continuities available for this answer. · 选出可用于这一答案的所有延续。
Manufacturing did not end — it moved. · 制造业没有终结——它迁移了。
A trend is not a single policy
- The CED's four liberalisation examples include a democracy, a parliamentary state, a communist party-state and a military government.
- So liberalisation names a direction of travel, and each state travelled it differently and for its own reasons.
- Naming the direction and then the local content is how to write about a trend without flattening it.
趋势不是单一政策
- CED 所举的四个自由化例子,包括一个民主国家、一个议会制国家、一个共产党领导的国家,以及一个军政府。
- 因此"自由化"指的是一个行进方向,而每个国家都以自己的方式、出于自己的理由走上这条路。
- 先点出方向、再点出在地内容,正是书写一种趋势而不把它压平的方法。
A phone is designed in one country, its components made in several, assembled in another, and sold worldwide by a company headquartered in a fifth. No stage vanished; each moved to where its costs and skills fit. That single object contains the whole of this subtopic.
一部手机在一个国家设计、零部件在若干国家制造、在另一个国家组装,并由一家总部设在第五个国家的公司销往全球。没有哪个环节消失;每个环节都迁到了成本与技能相匹配之处。这一件物品,就包含了本小节的全部内容。
Many governments encouraged free-market policies and economic liberalisation in the late 20th century — Reagan, Thatcher, Deng Xiaoping, Pinochet. Information and communications revolutions grew knowledge economies in some regions while manufacturing was increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America. Institutions, multinational corporations and regional trade agreements — WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN — spread free-market principles.
二十世纪后期,许多政府鼓励自由市场政策与经济自由化——里根、撒切尔、邓小平、皮诺切特。信息与通讯革命使某些地区的知识经济成长,而制造业日益落在亚洲与拉丁美洲。 制度、跨国公司与区域贸易协定——世贸组织、北美自由贸易协定、东盟——扩散了自由市场原则。