Rights, Inclusion and Protest · 权利、包容与抗议
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Rights-based discourses/raɪts beɪst ˈdɪskɔːsɪz/ | 权利话语 | quán lì huà yǔ |
| end of apartheid/end ɒv əˈpɑːθeɪd/ | 种族隔离 | zhǒng zú gé lí |
A new kind of argument
- Rights-based discourses 权利话语 challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion.
- A rights-based argument does not ask for a favour; it asserts an entitlement that is claimed to precede the government granting it.
- That is the Enlightenment natural-rights move of 5.1, now applied to categories it had previously left out.
一种新的论证方式
- 权利话语(rights-based discourses)挑战了关于种族、阶级、性别与宗教的旧有假定。
- 基于权利的论证不是在请求恩惠;它主张一种被认为先于政府授予而存在的资格。
- 这就是 5.1 中启蒙自然权利的那一步,如今被应用于它此前遗漏的那些范畴。
Select all · 所有 the rights-based discourses the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部基于权利的话语。
The Negritude movement completes the four; the WTO belongs to 9.4. · 黑人精神运动完成了四项；WTO属于9.4。
Four named discourses
- The CED names the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women and refugees.
- It also names global feminism movements, the Negritude movement, and liberation theology in Latin America.
- Two are international instruments and two are cultural and religious movements — the CED deliberately mixes the kinds.
四种被点名的话语
- CED 点名了联合国《世界人权宣言》,尤其是它力图保护儿童、妇女与难民的权利。
- 它还点名了全球女性主义运动、黑人性运动,以及拉丁美洲的解放神学。
- 其中两项是国际文书,两项是文化与宗教运动——CED 有意把不同类型混在一起。
Select all · 所有 the access changes the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部准入改变。
Caste reservation in India completes the list; the Green Belt Movement is a protest. · 印度的种姓保留制度完成了列表；绿带运动是一场抗议。
Access widened
- In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender and religion.
- The CED's examples include the vote and public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947) and Morocco (1963).
- It also names rising female literacy and women in higher education, the U.S. Civil Rights Act, the end of apartheid 种族隔离, and caste reservation in India.
通道拓宽了
- 在世界许多地方,受教育机会以及在新的政治与职业角色中的参与,在种族、阶级、性别与宗教方面变得更具包容性。
- CED 的例子包括女性获得选举权与担任公职的权利:美国(1920)、巴西(1932)、土耳其(1934)、日本(1945)、印度(1947)、摩洛哥(1963)。
- 它还点名了女性识字率上升与进入高等教育的女性增多、美国民权法案、种族隔离(apartheid)的终结,以及印度的种姓保留名额。
A discourse, an access change, or a protest? · 一种话语、一种准入改变，还是一场抗议？
Sort each item in this subtopic. · 对该子主题中的每项内容进行排序。
The protest movements object to... · 这些抗议运动反对……
The CED's wording is about how consequences are distributed. · CED的措辞关乎后果如何被分配。
The protest movements object to inequality of consequences, not to integration itself. The CED's wording is precise — Greenpeace, the Green Belt Movement and fair-trade organisations contest how the environmental and economic costs of global integration are distributed.
**这些抗议运动反对的是后果的不平等,而不是一体化本身。**CED 的措辞很精确——绿色和平、绿带运动与公平贸易组织所争议的,是全球一体化在环境与经济上的代价如何被分配。
A rights-based argument asserts an entitlement claimed to ____ the government granting it. · 基于权利的论点主张一项权利，声称应____授予它的政府。
It is the Enlightenment natural-rights move of 5.1, newly applied. · 这是5.1启蒙运动的自然权利举措，现被新应用。
And protest at the costs
- Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.
- The CED names Greenpeace and Professor Wangari Maathai's Green Belt Movement in Kenya, and the World Fair Trade Organization.
- Note the word inequality: the protest is about how consequences are distributed, not about integration as such.
以及对代价的抗议
- 世界各地的运动抗议全球一体化在环境与经济后果上的不平等。
- CED 点名了绿色和平与旺加里·马塔伊教授在肯尼亚的绿带运动,以及世界公平贸易组织。
- 注意不平等一词:抗议针对的是后果如何被分配,而不是针对一体化本身。
Put the CED's women's suffrage dates in order. · 按时间顺序排列CED中妇女参政权的日期。
The spread across four decades is what makes it evidence of change over time. · 跨越四十年的传播正是其作为时间变迁证据的原因。
Maintained and challenged
- The objective is how social categories, roles and practices have been maintained and challenged over time.
- So the answer needs both: categories that persisted, and the discourses and movements that contested them.
- The dates in the CED's suffrage list are a gift — they show a global change arriving over four decades, not at once.
被维持与被挑战
- 这一目标是社会范畴、角色与实践如何随时间被维持与被挑战。
- 因此答案需要两方面:延续下来的范畴,以及对它们提出争议的话语与运动。
- CED 那份选举权清单里的年份是一份馈赠——它们显示出一场全球性变化是在四十年间陆续到来的,而不是一次完成的。
The CED's suffrage dates run from 1920 to 1963 across six countries on four continents. The same argument — that political rights do not depend on gender — arrives in each place at a different moment, for local reasons. That spread is what "maintained and challenged over time" looks like as evidence.
CED 那些选举权年份,从 1920 年到 1963 年,横跨四个大洲的六个国家。同一个论证——政治权利不取决于性别——在每个地方于不同时刻到来,各有其在地原因。这种分散,正是"随时间被维持与被挑战"作为证据时的样子。
Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion — the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, global feminism, Negritude, liberation theology. Access to education and political and professional roles became more inclusive, with women's suffrage arriving from 1920 to 1963, the U.S. Civil Rights Act, the end of apartheid and caste reservation in India. Movements protested the inequality of globalisation's consequences.
基于权利的话语挑战了关于种族、阶级、性别与宗教的旧有假定——联合国《世界人权宣言》、全球女性主义、黑人性运动、解放神学。受教育机会以及政治与职业角色的参与变得更具包容性,女性选举权自 1920 至 1963 年陆续到来,还有美国民权法案、种族隔离的终结与印度的种姓保留名额。各种运动抗议全球化后果的不平等。